Soil and Microbes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Soil and Microbes - Essay Example Soil and Microbes Due care should be taken while handling the soil samples collected from different locations. Preliminary examination of the soil samples can be carried out by wetting the soil sample with water and squeezing them between the fingers to ascertain the type of soil, if the soil is sandy it falls apart, silty soil gives a flour type feeling and if the soil has clay then it holds together. Soil samples may contain microorganisms such as Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Actinomycetes and Viruses. All the microorganisms may either exist singly or in colonies. There are various techniques to detect form, pattern and arrangement of microorganisms in soil such as Microscopic methods and Microscopic methods plus culturing. Microscopic methods involve examination of soil samples under a light microscope by using simple stains such as phenol aniline blue and fluorescent stains such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), acridine orange, rhodamine (fluoresces red), europium chelate (europium (iii) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate), DAPI (4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole), ethidium bromide and Hoechst 33258 (bisbenzimide). While the first method can be adopted with any bright field white light microscope assuming that light can be transmitted through the object under examination but in the second method, the stain emits light at a visible wavelength on illumination with ultraviolet light. In microscopic methods plus culturing the soil samples are impregnated with agar or polyacrylate resins and sectioned into thin plates and examined by direct microscopy. One more method called the fluorescent antibody technique is the only technique that can locate and identify microorganisms simultaneously in intact soil samples or sections. In this technique the antibodies to microbial cells are generated by injecting the cells under study into a suitable animal (guinea pigs or rabbits) which produce antibodies to the microbial cells that can be isolated from the serum samples of the animals. The antibodies are proteins that can be reacted with FITC to produce FITC-antibody conjugates which will adhere only to the correct microbial cells if applied to a soil sample. Once the excess FITC-antibody conjugate is washed and removed, only those microbial cells will fluoresce, can be located and identified by epifluorescence microscopy. A recent method uses monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Certain other methods like Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISA assays) and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods can also used to detect the microbes i n soils (Source - United Nations Water Virtual Learning Centre). Isolating bacteria and viruses or virus like particles (VLP) from the soil samples is being investigated through two techniques i.e., Epifluorescence Microscopy [EFM] and Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM] using two elution buffers (1% potassium citrate and 10Mm Sodium pyrophosphate) (Sampling Natural Viral Communities from Soil for Culture-Independent Analyses by Kurt E. Williamson, K. Eric Wommack and Mark Radosevich). Every possible care should be taken to avoid the microorganisms (Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Actinomycetes and Viruses) to come into physical contact with the human body or enter into

Changes In Employment Relations Due To Globalisation

Changes In Employment Relations Due To Globalisation Due to globalization the employment relations has affected all over the world. In the past few decades there are many economic policy changes all over the world. Globalization points to combining of countries within the world economy through increased transaction, investment, short term capital flows, and migration of skilled and unskilled workers internationally. This essay describes about changes of employment relations in both advanced and developing countries as a result of globalisation. Globalisation is a process is not a condition or a fact. Globalisation involves two phases. The first phase is about cheap labour for labour intensive production. The second phase is puzzling involves high tech manufacturing and service. Due to global change the employee relations have undergone a sustainable change and the management of human resource have also changed. This paper starts by investigating employment relations in India followed by the employment relations in republic of Korea before and after globalisation. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) Now this paper describes about India. The population of India was 1.2 billion in 2008.India got its independence in 1947 before the independence the Indian industries was predominate by private owners they used an autocratic leadership style and the employment relations on those days was in an ad hoc manner. After independence the employment relations scenario was totally different because a large number of industrial enterprises was developed this resulted in industrialization. Due to growth in organisation the one main dominance was left behind, the functions of management are distinguished into different departments. Before globalization Indians made their decisions in management based on interpersonal considerations comparative to task demands. This is due to the reason the Indian management institutes have borrowed western education system. (Budhwar, 2003) Indians were brought up in an environment where they value strong family relationship and they are dependent on others. Indian managers in the past are trained in the west and most of the management institutes in India have adopted western management system. Now this essay discusses about trade unions and collective bargaining in India. In India the trade unions have come across four main phases, the four phases are the early years (1850-1900), the growth years (1900-1947), the militancy phase (1947-1970) and decline phase (1980). (Budhwar, 2003) The trade unions were strong before 1980 after 1980 the trade unions began to weaken. The reasons for failure of unions are the workers to lose faith due to more strikes and they lost the confidence in military trade unionism. In India most of the trade unions in the past are controlled by outsiders like political parties and other persons who were not working in the industry. The collective bargaining in India has come across three periods from 1920 to 1950 and 1951 to 1969 and from 1970 till now. From 1920 to 1950 the collective bargaining was in the early stage and this method was not used for the regulatory labour conditions. In 1951 to 1969 collective bargaining was used to settlement of in dustrial quarrel. When comparing to the developed countries the economic condition in India was less due to this the union workers could not be in strike for a long time. (Budhwar, 2003) Discussing about the employee relations in the state Indian government has proposed four policys over the past like maintain industrial peace and foster trade unions peace. To achieve the policy state has come up with many labour laws but the laws were not successfully implemented. Before the new economic policies the state government encouraged unions instead of cutting down the unions. Due to this reason there were many unions in India. Before globalisation the external trade was 0.44 in 1989 but after the relaxation of economic policies in 1991 the share trade id 0.8 in 2004. But when comparing the trade with china India has grown up less. (Budhwar, 2003) Berore globalization the practise like recruitment, training, promotions and lay off are non generalize. A formal method of recruitment and selection was not followed before globalization. The recruitment was based on word of mouth approach. (Budhwar, 2003) After the liberalisation of Indian economy the law has been proposes that all the new jobs should be advertised properly and process of recruitment should be formal. And also Indian government has created a human resource development ministry at the central government level and there is a large number of professional institutions provide training and development in hr related. The rules as been passed that the new employees should be taken initially as an apprentice this shows that there is a formal and structured approach in recruitment of people in India for organization. (Budhwar, 2003) Globalisation is due to investment of multinational companies in developing countries. According to the World Bank forecast in 2020 India will become as a fourth largest economy in the orbit. After liberalisation of economic policies in 1991 the economy has increased positively. (Jayasuriya, 2008)Due to these developments more foreign firms in advanced countries shows interest of doing business in India. Indian domestic companies are under pressure due to liberalisation and there is an increased level of competition between the domestic firms and MNCs. (Budhwar, 2003) Currently Indian managers are appointing themselves with the new techniques in management and the different phases of the management function which will be helpful in maintaining good employee relation. A research has been conducted in human resource of Indian organisation and they have given a feedback that without the development of human resource, Indian firms will not be qualified to takeover new technology and they cannot competitive with other abroad competitors. (Chishti, 2002) In 1970 new approaches for collective bargaining was developed. From 1970 collective bargaining has moved from enterprise level to the plant level in the country. Due to globalization and increase in multinational companies in India the unions have lost their strengths and reforms. Due to change in economic conditions the unions join with the management now to take a cooperative approach in management decisions. Only two percent of workers in India are under collective bargaining agreements. The collective bargaining is going on shrinking in India. (Chishti, 2002) After liberalised economic policies in India. Many global companies started their plants in India due to globalization the productivity got increased and the employees got higher pay and their basic pay was increased. And the working hours in India is reduced now people in India are working only 48 hours per week. The child labour is reduced in India now people who are above the age of 18 can only work in workplaces. Due to globalisation exploitation of women is more but they are still been paid low. Currently in India there are 150 acts of labour legislation but they are not fully achieved. (Budhwar, 2003) Having discussed about India now this essay discusses about republic of Korea before globalisation and after globalisation. The republic of Korea has a population of 48 million, almost 80 percent of the people are urbanised, and the urbanisation has increased from 30% in 1962 to 80%. The labour force was 22 million in the late 1990 and the participation rate is high and the unemployment rate was not above 2 percent. Korea gross national product has increased due to export oriented manufacturing. Korea is the member of organisation for economic cooperation and development in 1996. In 1997 Korea experienced a financial crisis so it got assistance from international monetary fund. (Bamber, et., al., 2000) In 1945 the liberation was restructured and the left wing ( chun pyung) was banned in 1947 by American military government. The success of Korea industrialisation is due to cheap labour. In 1980 there was a protest by union activist and students against chum doo-hwan government this protest was the turning point of Korean employment relations the government changed is approach from authoritarian to conciliator approach. Before 1987 unionisation was less in Korea due to strong government, after 1987 Koreans unions have grown to be a powerful institution in labour relations. The working conditions of union members are improved by collective bargaining. The collective bargaining was the important tool for the improvement labours. (Bamber, et., al., 2000) There are three levels of Korean unions and they are local unions, an enterprise, and a region. The employees in the work place will be joining in any one of the unions based on their job and Collective bargaining is decentralised in this level. The unionism of Korea has converted, the unions of car companies are affiliated to the Korean trade union congress but they were not officially recognised till 1997. The developments in 1993 are men have removed women in union activity and due to increase in work force of white collar workers, the white collar workers are increasingly unionised. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) Korean employers are engaged in different employers association. For example the business which is engaged in export or import there is a membership called Korean foreign trade association. So those who are doing export or import should be the member of this association. The chaebol differentiates Korea from other newly industrialised economy. The bank of Korea says that the top 30 chaebol contributes 95 percent of the total nations GDP and the top company which is contributing to the GDP is Hyundai (Bamber, et, al, 2002). The development of internal labour markets is due to agency of chaebol large scale economies for low cost competition. Chaebol was the reason for government growth strategy particularly due to blue collar workers. In Korea they were following one set approach similar workers doing similar work in similar working conditions were concentrated by chaebol in one place or region. By 1945 the government proposed a legislative structure for the Korean industrial relations . So chaebol cut off the action of unions they also sought their amenability as company unions. The Korean employment undergo fundamental changes after 1987, collective bargaining was decentralised with the drift of defending managerial command. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) The state plays the dominant role in economic growth in industrialization. By 1961 there was a rapid growth in economic role through export led, low cost competition. The state decided the hike strategy of chaebol by range over the business horizontally or vertically. By 1980 the labour laws was rewritten and the unions were alter, and the labour management council act was uttered these acts are passed with the intention making the unions power less and building the labour management linkage non-confrontational. From 1989 to 1993 the wages are increased in Korea for five years where as in 1987 the wages were not given by the government. The wages were given more easily by the public sector then the private sector. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) The trade union act standardised the collective bargaining in Korea. The members in the union can clear the matters regarding employee and organisation. Mostly collective bargaining takes place at the plant level and collective bargaining is the important factor for regulating industrial relations. The labour management council demanded a labour management council should be created and meet four times in twelve months with a company having 50 or more people working. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) In 1997 the national assembly of Korea passed an improved set of reformation to the labour legislation which postponed the relaxation of restriction on layoffs. To reduce the labour cost the employers started to employ contract labours. The contractors are responsible for the welfare of the workers. The unions protest against the legislation of dispatch workers but the employers justify that it should be legalised. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) Due to industrialization there is a decrease in agriculture and unemployment. The agriculture in Korea is reducing by 6% percent every year. Even though there is a massive decline in agriculture the education level is increasing in Korea. The largest business group in Korea hired employees through mass examination but before the economies were developed the workers are hired on the basis of relatives of the employees. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) There are many migrants in Korea especially from the Asian countries. The migrants are working mostly in the labour intensive work place where the work for labour is more. Due to the crisis of unemployment the working hours in Korea is been reduced, by reducing the working hours more people are employed and benefited. They Korea respond to the critics by adopting new human resource strategies and senior based reward system, increased use of contingent workers and frequent use of lay off. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) Globalisation is the major factor for the changes around the world, due to changes around the world there are some changes on the employment relations as well. In nutshell this paper as explained about changes in the employment relations in the developed countries as well as the developing countries and it has described about the changes that have gone through in the period of globalisation.

Investigation of Scriptural References Essay -- Religion Bible

Investigation of Scriptural References We find one hundred and ninety times the Hebrew verb rà »m, â€Å"to be high, or to be exalted† in the Old Testament. Basically rà »m represents either the â€Å"state of being on a higher plane,† or the â€Å"movement in an upward direction.† The second emphasis represents what is done to the subject or what it does to itself. Like the stormy wind that lifts up the waves of the sea (Ps. 27:5). God is the Most High, the great king over all the earth and exalted far above all gods (Pss. 47:2; 83:18); 97:9). He alone rules over mankind and grants dominion to whomever he wishes (Dan. 4:17, 25, 32; 5:21). Therefore Israel in response must exalt him above all others as they are his people. It must result that all nations and all creation are called to praise God and exalt him (Ps.148:13). Fanning concludes that all of life is put in its proper perspective only when God is exalted in this way. In the Old Testament â€Å"exaltation† is related to the Kingdo m of God, reflected by God’s chosen people, Israel. We will see later in this point that these reflections have priestly, prophetically and royal tendencies. In the New Testament various Greek verbs are used to express â€Å"exalt†: hupsoÃ…  â€Å"to lift up† for the exaltation of Christ by God the Father (Acts 2:33); huperupsoÃ…  â€Å"to exalt highly† with reference to Christ (Phil. 2:9); epairÃ…  â€Å"to exalt oneself† for being lifted up with pride (2 Cor. 10:5); and huperairÃ…  â€Å"to exalt oneself exceedingly† for the exceeding self-exaltation (2 Cor. 12:7). In this regard we note that exaltation is an act of God alone (Luke 1:52). The exaltation causes also a social effect (2 Cor. 11:7) and contains an eschatological element (1 Pet.5:6 and explicit Phil. 2:5). In the New Testament foll... ...0. Matt. 1:20-23. Jacob van Bruggen, Commentaries New Testament Matthew (Kampen: Kok, 2004), 33. Mark 1:14-15. Jacob van Bruggen, Commentaries New Testament Mark (Kampen: Kok, 1998), 50. Matt. 9:27-29. Donald A. Hagner, WBC Matthew1-13, vol 33a (Colombia: Thomas Nelson, 1993), 254. G. Van den Brink, Centre for Biblical Research, Matthew (Utrecht: Van Wijk, 2003), 539. Mark 1:11. Jacob van Bruggen, Commentaries New Testament Mark (Kampen: Kok, 1988), 45. Matt. 4:3. Donald A. Hagner, WBC Matthew1-13, vol 33a (Colombia: Thomas Nelson, 1993), 69. Matt. 14:33 Matt. 11:27. Donald A. Hagner, WBC Matthew1-13, vol 33a (Colombia: Thomas Nelson, 1993), 69. Stephen R. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001), 142. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory, 149. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory, 252.

African American Reconstruction Essay

?Reconstruction in the 1800’s can have a lot of different meanings. For some the reconstruction was the rejoining of the two sides that fought in the civil war, the North and the South. For others in government it was the presidential reconstruction after the death of Lincoln. Most importantly for some reconstruction mean finally being a free man with right and who could vote and provide for his family. The African Americans were a big part of reconstruction, just being freed by the passing of the thirteenth amendment which was adopted on December 6, 1865. This new law stated â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction. † Being freed was a step in the right direction for the African American, but anything not properly followed through with can end up undoing itself. Unfortunately for the African Americans in the south the progress towards freedom and citizenship and equality had hoped for took a terrible turn for the worse and most of their dreams were crushed. The north removing their army from the south to settle a dispute over who would be president undid what the 14th and 15th amendment were set to do and with no enforcement of them and the black codes life for the average African American remained one filled with difficulties and racism. In 1863 the emancipation proclamation was written to give freedom to all slaves in the rebel states, soon following that the Thirteenth amendment was passed. This Thirteenth amendment took the emancipation proclamation one step further and freed the slaves wherever they may be. Now the mass of newly freed African Americans in the South had to face the difficulties of getting a life started while being surrounded by many angry white Southerners. It granted them their freedom, but did nothing to guarantee them with voting rights, benefits, or the same opportunities as their white countrymen. Imagine you spent your whole life surrounded by people who considered you less than a person. To them you were just a mass of living space that only had the brain capacity to do simple jobs. Once you received a certain document, that says you are a full human being with all the capabilities of others, do you think those people would instantly accept this change and consider you an equal in society? When the civil war came to a close, the White Southerners moved quickly to put an end to the African American’s newfound freedom. They wanted a way to return African Americans back to what they were before the war, which were slaves. In order to do this without getting in too much trouble from the north they had to do it in a way that seemed neutral and fair to all races. Anyone with common sense however could tell that these laws were passed specifically to limit African Americans. These laws started out as what were commonly referred to as the black codes. These were a set of laws that were applied specifically to African Americans to help keep them in a form of slavery. Some of these laws were. â€Å"No person of color shall migrate into and reside in this state, unless, within twenty days after his arrival within the same, he shall enter into a bond with two freeholders as sureties†. â€Å"Servants shall not be absent from the premises without the permission of the master†. â€Å"Servants must assist their masters â€Å"in the defense of his own person, family, premises, or property†. â€Å"No person of color could become an artisan, mechanic, or shopkeeper unless he obtained a license from the judge of the district court – a license that could cost $100 or more. † These laws however didn’t stick around forever and then the Jim Crow Laws were put into place. The Jim Crow laws stated that it is okay for African Americans and whites to be separate as long as they were equal. Even the Supreme Court said that Jim Crow Laws were constitutional even though the stuff that the African Americans got was so much less quality. â€Å"For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them. † This quote was stated by the name of Houston Hartsfield Holloway following the passing of the thirteenth amendment. Most of these African Americans didn’t know how to be free and adapting to this new life was extremely difficult. These Freeman had to now face the difficult task of not only dealing with the racism of the white southerners living around then but also needed to get jobs. The freedman bureau was then created to try and help newly freed slaves get on their feet. The freedman bureau created March 3, 1865 main focus was to† provide food and medical care, to help the freedmen to resettle, to ensure justice for the freedmen, to manage abandoned or confiscated property, to regulate labor, and to establish schools. † Now that it was legal for these newly freed men to learn, establishing school in which they could learn was very important. These schools would help them learn trades and skills to help them get jobs. While the freedman’s bureau did not establish schools itself, it coordinated and helped to finance the activities of northern societies committed to black education. It is stated in the Voices of Freedom book written by Eric Foner that by the year 1969 only four years after the thirteenth amendment was passed nearly 3000 schools were established in the south. More impressive than that, these schools have more than 150000 pupils. The bureau was able to give former slaves most of the basics like food, shelter, clothing, and a way to make a living. Without being given the basics there is no way the African Americans would ever be able to take care of themselves and support their families. They needed help adapting to the new freedoms they were given, just as white men had to adapt to them being free, (although most of the time white men still treated them like dirt). The passing of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments helped to make great strides towards equality for African Americans. This amendment was the â€Å"heart† of Congress’ reaction to Johnson’s reconstruction plan and said that all people born in the United States are citizens. This upturned the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford. In this case it stated that persons of African descent were not citizens and therefore not entitled to constitutional rights. On top of that it also prohibited states from revoking â€Å"life, liberty or property† without due process of law. Finally it required states to guarantee equal protection under the law. All states were required to ratify it. It was of course to get some of the southern states to ratify a law like this that on top of giving freedom to African Americans would also give them civil rights. Just because the fourteenth amendment said something, which did not mean that it would be enforced. The Military and Reconstruction Act of 1867 however, was passed to make sure that it was. The funny thing about this act is, on the very last day of session for congress, and the congress that was currently fighting with the current president to the point where they tried to kick him out of office overrode his veto and had it passed. The Ten Confederate States that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment were divided into five military districts. Each military district was put under the direction of a military governor authorized to appoint and remove state officials. Voters were registered, and suffrage was extended to freedmen. State constitutional conventions were called, and elected delegates were charged with drafting new constitutional provisions providing for black suffrage. Finally, states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before readmission. The congress didn’t stop here however; they later passed even more military reconstruction acts. â€Å"The new acts directed military commanders to register voters, call conventions, and organize elections, rather than wait for state officials to act. In the face of recalcitrance from Johnson’s executive branch and white southerners attempting to subvert the law, Congress in July 1867 passed a third Reconstruction Act, declaring the existing state governments in the South illegal and subject to military control and the U. S. Congress. † In an attempt to delay the creation of new state governments, some southern whites turned to a provision of the first Reconstruction Act requiring that a majority of registered voters was necessary to ratify a new constitution and called for a boycott of the ratifying election. On March 11, 1868, Congress passed a fourth and final Reconstruction Act that allowed a majority of those voting to ratify a new constitution, regardless of the size of the attendance. President Johnson, being the leader of this nation at the time, worked to delay and obstruct the army from enforcing these laws. The main job of the fifteenth amendment was to give the right of vote to any male of any race. Section two of this article also said â€Å"The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. † This sounds great at first that the African Americans will not be able to vote with no problems. This, as good as it looked in writing, would ultimately fail in some places due to the terrorist threats that were places upon African Americans who planned on voting. During reconstruction African Americans were brandished political power in the south for the first time. Most of these men were those who either lived in the north or lived abroad, and were educated. Before holding political power most were either lawyers or teachers. Black political power was unfortunately short-lived. Northern politicians grew increasingly conciliatory to the white South, so that by 1872 virtually all leaders of the Confederacy had been pardoned and were again able to vote and hold office. The white men were able to take back the south by putting economic pressure on the blacks and by threatening them. One of the biggest ways in which the blacks were threatened was by the Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK. The Ku Klux Klan was originally organized in the winter of 1865-66 in Pulaski, Tennessee as a social club by six Confederate veterans. It started out small and was kept secret at first. When the Klan was first formed they had no violent intentions in mind. After they had a large amount of growth however it turned from a group of people into a terrorist organization. The Klan systematically murdered black politicians and political leaders. It beat, whipped, and murdered thousands, and intimidated tens of thousands of others from voting. The African Americans of course tried to fight back to this injustice at first but because they were outnumbered and had no guns, they didn’t have a chance. â€Å"A 103-year-old woman was whipped, as was a completely paralyzed man. In Georgia, Abraham Colby, an organizer and leader in the black community, was whipped for hours in front of his wife and children. † The KKK’s main objective was white supremacy but President Grant responded to their attacks. In the year 1868 Ulysses S. Grant ran for office and used the slogan â€Å"let us have peace†. After getting the fifteenth amendment passed, the Enforcement Acts were passed, which made it a crime to interfere with registration, voting, office holding, or jury service of blacks. Because of this new law over a 1000 members of the KKK who violated it and interfered were convicted. On top of this act to protect the African Americans there was also the Ku Klux Klan act. These new acts made it so it was okay for the government to interferer and help put a stop against terrorist acts. This act although it did help a little was not greatly enforced. In the year of 1876 was the presidential election of Samuel J. Tilden vs. the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. In this election Hayes ended up winning the popular vote, but as far as electoral votes went it was a tie. This was a big problem and a hard decision to appease until there was the Compromise of 1877. This Compromise would swing the vote away from the Democrats and to the Republicans in return for the removal of all remaining troops from the south. It was on that day that the period of reconstruction would end and the reconstruction for African American would begin to go backwards in the south. Africans Americans were given a sliver of hope and promised to be free equal man just to have the government not follow up on its promise. With all of the troops now removed from the south there was no one there to help protect them or to enforce the laws in which gave them freedoms and rights. They never did go completely back to the way it was before the civil war, but because of how in those net couple of years segregation and discrimination could have been eliminated it is just as tragic. African American Reconstruction helped lay out a great pathway for African Americans to become truly equal and free men in the United Stated. Unfortunately because of their not being enough support from the government they would get to walk down that path to equality for many years later.

Becoming a scuba instructor

The life of a SCUBA instructor is something that people who have a passion for the water and the beach have imagined as ideal. In fact, it would be the perfect career for most because they think that it would mean spending the rest of one’s life on the beach, languishing under the warm tropical sun and taking a dive in the deep blue cold water.All of these benefits while enjoying a modest salary that allows for enjoyment of the other luxuries in life. For those who become successful as SCUBA instructors, the benefits are even better.One can become a world class instructor who explores old wrecks underneath the ocean and even have their own diving schools. Yet these are all dreams and perceptions of what it is like to be a SCUBA instructor. Not everyone gets a chance to enjoy this life. In fact, it is quite difficult and challenging to become a full fledged SCUBA instructor.In order to become one, there is a series of tests and practical examinations that one needs to undergo. The step after that involves taking additional training to ensure that the licensure is complete. As one SCUBA instructor put it, â€Å"Everyone always imagines a life of relaxation.They always feel as if it is simply swimming once in a while and taking people down for fun dives while getting paid for it. † This is not always the case because it involves a major lifestyle and career change. This also means that there are added responsibilities.The first step in being a SCUBA instructor lies in being able to understand the risks and responsibilities that are involved as well as figuring out the first step that one needs to take to pursue this career. The profession of SCUBA instructor, as previously mentioned, is not an easy one.SCUBA instructor is more of a technical term but the actual role that one plays in most dive operations is one of a dive-master rather than a SCUBA instructor. The main bulk of SCUBA resort operations are taking people down for diving trips.Providing i nstructions to new divers or those who want to improve their skills is only a small part of the entire business. Therefore, for those who want to be SCUBA instructor professionals, training as a dive-master is also necessary. This has been labeled as one of the first disappointments or reality checks that an eager SCUBA instructor has to deal with.It is not so much about teaching students how to dive but also acting as an underwater guide to those who already know how to dive but merely want somebody to lead them and show them around the dive area.This leads to the first aspect that must be considered before pursuing a career as a SCUBA instructor; making sure that if the thought of diving at the same spot in shallow water is something that one will be able to do day in and day out. To ensure that this does not happen, it is usually recommended that SCUBA instructors or applicants find the written job description first and get the proper certification.This leads to higher job satisf action. The reason for this is that it allows for more flexibility with regards to career. Under certain job descriptions, SCUBA instructors may be allowed to handle different classes in different sites depending on the size of the school.The pay grade is much higher, however, depending on the school and the lessons that are taught to the students. Another factor which affects the job pay is the experience that the instructor has which usually means that more experience leads to a better job and hence higher pay. This in return usually leads to a higher rate of job satisfaction.This job satisfaction, however, also requires certain additional qualifications that SCUBA instructors need to comply with. These requirements usually have to deal with the other tasks that a SCUBA instructor may be required to do.For example, most SCUBA instructors are required to have the basic knowledge on how to repair SCUBA gear. This means that the instructor must be proficient with not only one brand o f SCUBA equipment but must also have the knowhow for the other brands. Another requirement that is becoming common among SCUBA instructors is the basic knowledge to pilot a boat.While this is definitely not included in the job description, it is necessary because a number of resort owners would like to save on costs by having one person perform multiple positions. This experience in navigating a boat also carries the additional requirement of nautical licensure and familiarity with the parts of boat from a 15’ skiff to a 48’ cruiser.This also means that while no expertise that is on a specialist level is required a certain level of proficiency with regard to the workings of these basic machines is needed.One of the main draws of being a professional SCUBA instructor is the fact that it allows the individual to live on an island. This is, however, also one of the biggest risks and sources of stress. The reason for this is that living on an island also means that one is isolated from a lot of things in life. From a professional standpoint, this means that when the other duties and requirements, such as those mentioned above, are required, one must be able to deal with those problems with the basic tools.Most dive locations do not have the specialists who can deal with the problem as soon as it happens. These shops are usually located on the main island and need to travel to reach the destination of the dive spot. This means that there is a lag time and any good SCUBA instructor must be able to deal with the events happening immediately.This job hazard is usually very stressful and sometimes even hazardous. The next problem is with regard to the personal life of a SCUBA instructor. Being isolated on dive resorts also means being isolated from members of the family or society.As some studies have shown, prolonged isolation usually leads to certain problems and may lead to greater dangers such as alcoholism which is very dangerous for a SCUBA instruct or. Assignments on dive resorts can last for a span as short as six (6) months and extend to durations as long as six (6) years.Another aspect that a SCUBA instructor must deal with is in regard to interpersonal skills. One must remember that being a SCUBA instructor is not only showing people how to dive but also how one is able to teach.In this line, teaching entails that a person must also be able to communicate to the students just what exactly they must do. The most common problems that even experienced SCUBA instructors need to deal with are the fact that they have to teach people without offending them.Most vacationing divers are largely inexperienced and are not quite adept at even the most basic of diving regulations. In educating these people, it is necessary for the SCUBA instructor to be able to encourage them to learn more without putting them down.This is important because safety practices must always be observed before diving. Other problems with teaching also center on those who have been certified but are only taking their first dive. These are perhaps the most difficult bunch to instruct because they feel that they already know what to do.The self important attitude that most of these certified divers carry is a scary thing because they could always forget the basic safety regulations. As mentioned earlier, in diving, the most important thing is safety because there are a lot of hazards that a diver must deal with during the operation.This is more difficult considering the fact that certain countries have different diving regulations from others and these certified divers may feel that the SCUBA instructor is not an authority. The challenge here, therefore, lies in being able to deal with this people to ensure the safety of the group. Now that these basic requirements and training exercises have been elaborated on, it is also important to discuss the basic steps that one needs to undertake before becoming a SCUBA instructor.The most important step that one needs to take lies in certifying that one is in excellent medical condition. Due to the hazards that divers are exposed to at work, one must be physically fit to endure the rigors of diving. Specific requirements such as a current medical report including blood work, chest X-ray and physical fitness tests are necessary.There is also the matter of valid passport, work permits and of course certification to be a SCUBA instructor. The life of a SCUBA instructor is indeed a very promising one if one is able to carefully study and lay out their plan.As discussed previously, all the considerations such as proper training and expertise are very necessary. Individuals must be prepared for the tasks and responsibilities that the job requires. Aside from this there is also the matter of proper permits and interpersonal skills. One overlooked aspect of being a SCUBA instructor lies in understanding the difference between visiting and island the living on an island because these are two (2) very difficult things.Most people usually feel that living on an island is similar to visiting an island but these are not the same. The reason for this is because people must now deal with the living expenses in relation to the salary that they are provided. Most dive resort owners provide salary based on the cost of living scale of the location. As such, while it may seem that the SCUBA instructor is earning so much more than the locals, the conversion rate when compared to other countries may be much lower than average.This means that while one can live the life of a king on a tropical island, he or she may be a pauper in some other part of the world. To summarize, becoming a SCUBA instructor is not for everyone. While the lure of warm and sunny tropical beaches is definitely alluring, the fact that this is considered a job also means that there is work to be done. It is not all just fun and games. The positive side of this, however, is the fact that it really is much easier to do a job that one loves and enjoys.

1984 Questions for Study and Discussion

1984 Questions for Study and Discussion 1984  is one of the best-known works by  George Orwell. This classic novel describes life in a surveillance state where independent thinking is referred to as thoughtcrime. 1984 coined terms like Big Brother and Newspeak that are still in use today, and its powerful exploration of totalitarianism is a key reference point in political discussion and analysis. Reflect on the following questions as you learn about 1984. Whether youre preparing for an exam or preparing for a book club, these questions for study and discussion will strengthen your knowledge and understanding of the novel. 1984  Questions for Study and Discussion What is important about the title of 1984?  What are the conflicts in 1984? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) are in this novel?How does George Orwell reveal character in 1984?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in 1984? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Winston consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character? How? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Would you want to meet the characters?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How does this novel relate to dystopian literature? Is Winston a strong character?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else? In any other time?What is the role of women in the text? Is love relevant? Are relationships meaningful?Why is 1984 controversial? Why has it been banned?How d oes 1984 relate to contemporary politics/society? Would you recommend this novel to a friend?Why do you think words like Big Brother and Newspeak have entered into our everyday lexicon?What, if anything, scares you about the future Orwell describes? Why or why not?How is doublethink used in the novel? Do you think it could or is used in our current society?Do you think its important that Oceana is constantly at war with someone? What point do you think Orwell is trying to make?How does the age difference between Julia and Winston affect how they view the actions of Big Brother and the government? Do you see differences like this in your own life?  How is technology used by Big Brother and the Party? Does it remind you of any current technological issues?  If you were in Room 101, what would be waiting for you?What is the significance of the name Ministry of Love?How is sexual repression used to oppress the people of Oceana? Are there examples of this kind of oppression in the real world?How are characters brainwashed in the nove l? Do you think this sort of brainwashing can happen in real life? What warnings can we take from Orwells novel?

Social and Political Upheaval During the Seventeenth Century in British North America Essays

Social and Political Upheaval During the Seventeenth Century in British North America Essays Social and Political Upheaval During the Seventeenth Century in British North America Essay Social and Political Upheaval During the Seventeenth Century in British North America Essay For every student, historian, profession, or average civilian, when you ask the question about early American history they will immediately and ultimately respond with one exact answer; the Puritans came to New England in search of freedom and new religion. During the late seventeenth century, religion gave the Puritans the opportunity to begin a new life, achieve social class, gain respect in the colonies, and have individual morality. Although that was a bit difficult to overcome for most Puritans; because the founders of the colonies on the mainland of British North America were in no hurry to arrange religious establishments. Laws were introduced by the Church that sidetracked the Puritans beliefs and aspirations. Political stress comes into play as soon as the civil government appoints only Puritan men the right to vote. In these colonies, a few brave Puritans were not afraid to speak their minds and stand in front of the civil government and the Church. Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, William Penn, Nathaniel Bacon, and many other colonists weren’t afraid to disagree and go against this new Puritan way. Gender role, race, and social class were amongst many of priorities of forming British North America, formally known as the thirteen colonies. With the influence of the civil government, the founders, and the Church, life for the Puritans wasn’t as sweet and pleasant as they hoped for when they journeyed over to this country many centuries ago. Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, played an important role throughout the Puritans. Williams believed that no matter what your religious views are, the freedom to fully enjoy your religion with your own judgments and consciences, you are a good Puritan. The civil government however, did not believe in that statement. Roger Williams published his most famous text, The Bloody Tenant of Persecution. His book defines many principles that defend the liberty of conscience and portrays a great dialogue between truth and peace. The first principle starts you off with a pretty distinct image, â€Å"That the blood of so many hundred thousand souls of Protestants and papists, split in the wars of present and former ages, for their respective consciences, is not required or accepted by Jesus Christ the Prince of Peace†. In my own opinion, I believe Williams is not a fan of war. The next few principles he lists are all about the blood of poor souls, the use of weapons, and enforcing uniformity to be the destruction of millions. Roger Williams’ next book, To the Right Honorable Both Houses of the High Court of Parliament, mainly focuses on the persecution of conscience and the rights of mankind. â€Å"I acknowledge that to molest any person, Jew or Gentile, for either professing doctrine, or practicing worship merely religious or spiritual, it is to persecute him; and such a person, whatever his doctrine or practice be, true or false, suffers persecution for conscience†. That statement he makes in this passage really reveals a bit of United States law today. No matter what crime he or she might commit, they should all be persecuted, not mattering who you are, because it is the right thing to do under conscience. Anne Hutchinson was another brave soul who came forth to speak to the colonies. Hutchinson held private bible meetings for young women and eventually more women and men attended. Anne Hutchinson is a key figure in the development of religious freedom in the early British North American colonies. She is a very courageous woman and is a fine representation of what the struggle a Puritan woman’s life was like living during this time. The Trial and Interrogation of Anne Hutchinson in 1637 can further explain her fight against the Church and State. John Winthrop, the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, interrogated Hutchinson during this trial. â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson, you are called here as one of those that have troubled the peace of the commonwealth and the churches here; you are known to be a woman that hath had a great share in the promoting and divulging of those opinions that are causes of this trouble, and †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Anne Hutchinson held her ground throughout the interrogation very well. She answered the questions that were put upon her very intelligently and respectively. Hutchinson was accused for holding private bible meetings that were not organized and approved by the Church. She of course thought there was nothing wrong with her teaching women and some men much more than what was being said during normal church meetings. Winthrop and the rest of the committee believed that her sermons going beyond the normal Bible study were offensive and disrespectful to the community and ultimately God. â€Å"Your course is not to be suffered for, besides that we find such a course as this to be greatly prejudicial to the state, besides the occasion that it is to seduce honest persons that have called to those meetings and your opinions being known to e different from the word of God may seduce many simple souls that resort unto you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This trial clearly shows how serious religion was to these people. No way would you see this kind of trial happening in the United States court system today, it would be made a mockery! Religion is what gave these Puritans hope, social ranking, gender power, and belief of anything. John Winthrop created a few statements justi fying his establishment for the New England colonies and as a defense against their enemies. Statement number two states, â€Å"All other churches of Europe are brought to desolation, , or sins, for which the Lord begins already to frown upon us to cut us short, do threaten evil times to be coming upon us, who knows, but that God hath provided this place to be a refuge for many whom he means to save out of the general calamity, seeing the Church hath no place left to fly into but the wilderness, what better work can there be, then to go provide tabernacles food for her against she comes hither†. What justified the New England colonies during the seventeenth century was the Church and State. There was no formal judicial system; the government was not the highest power during this time, technically the government was just the law. Religion was the almighty power during that century, until the civil government started to take control once the Church and its people started to act up. The late seventeenth century dealt with many orders of transformations that caused big amounts of social and political stress throughout the colonies. But as stated, â€Å"Extreme social and political stress often results in social and political upheaval and transformation†; everything that is challenging and hard to achieve, always has a greater and stronger outcome. The most vivid and the most striking event during the seventeenth century was the revolution known as Bacon’s Rebellion. William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, wasn’t a favorite amongst the people of Virginia. When the Native Americans started to attack the lands on the frontier settlements, Berkeley never set any action to resolve this issue. Nathaniel Bacon decided to take this matter into his own hands starting a rebellion and attack the Indians. Ultimately Bacon and his followers chased Berkeley straight out of town from Jamestown, Virginia and ended the fight with torching the capital. This rebellion was the first fight that actual civilians took part in. There were many protests, torching, and an alliance that had a great control over the court. Unfortunately this rebellion did not remove all the Native Americans from the Virginia frontiers, but Bacon was happy when he got recalled to England. Bacon’s Declaration and Manifesto are big primary sources that conclude his rebellion. Bacon’s Declaration in the Name of the People was pronounced on July 30, 1676. This list of complaints towards William Berkeley articulated unjust taxation and the failure to protect the colonists from Native American attacks. Bacon’s Manifesto was a furthermore to his Declaration. Obviously he mentioned religion, freedom, and political intentions to declare and ensure safety to the people of Virginia from the Native Americans. Nathaniel Bacon had a lot of courage and strength to defeat the governor of Virginia and take over Jamestown at only twenty years old. Another key figure during the seventeenth century was John Locke. Locke was very liberal; in fact he was a firm believer in modern liberalism. His many formal essays that all had to do with some political meaning gave him the upper hand in the government. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding†, â€Å"Two Treatises of Government†, and â€Å"A Letter Concerning Toleration† were his most valuable pieces of work. Locke was a very political man and came from a very political background. He was a great asset to New England during the seventeenth century. The history of British North America during the seventeenth century focused a lot on religion, the government, and above all, the fight f or freedom and trust. Many Puritans dealt with social stress that ultimately saw the light and gave them a better, more valuable life to live in New England. For the government, there were times where new settlements were being fought over, territories were being stolen, battles were being fought, etc. , but in the end, New England is still here today right? Everything happens for a reason, no matter how stressful and challenging, all that seems terrible at the time, only turns out to be extraordinary when it’s all over.

Resume Writing, FUN Yes! Here Are My Top 7 Ways

Resume Writing, FUN Yes! Here Are My Top 7 Ways On May 12th, I presented a webinar for Yale alumni on the Top 7 Ways to Make Resume Writing FUN! Does this sound like an event you’d want to attend?  (Spoiler: Keep reading for a link to watch it!) Top 7 Ways to Make Resume Writing FUN! Speaker: Brenda Bernstein, Yale College Alumna and Certified Executive Resume Master / Certified Master Resume Writer It’s time to write or edit your resume. Do you greet this project with enthusiasm or do you scream AAARGH!? Whether you are a new grad, a career changer, or a senior executive, you probably have at least a little resistance to writing the most important career document of your life. The good news: Resume writing does not have to be a drag. In this webinar, Brenda Bernstein will give you her Top 7 Ways to Make Resume Writing FUN! PLAY the Resume GAME SPICE UP your formatting POWER UP your verbs DISCOVER Resume Tetris GO on a treasure hunt TURN worry into CREATIVITY And GET the JOB Have FUN and write a winning resume at the same time. Don’t miss this opportunity to take the AAARGH out of resume writing! If you answered Yes that you wish you could have been on this webinar, you’re in luck! The Yale Office of Career Strategy was generous enough to give me permission to share the link to the recording. So as a break from my weekly written articles, I’m sharing this webinar with you today. Enjoy (and don’t mind the bulldog images sprinkled throughout the slide deck)! CLICK  BELOW TO WATCH Note: The discount offer in the webinar has expired, but the $50 Resume Review and $50 LinkedIn Profile Review services are still available to you! You can sign up for those here: Resume Review Special LinkedIn Profile Review Special Let me know if you have any questions or other suggestions for playing the resume writing game. I look forward to your comments!

Introduction to political ideologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to political ideologies - Essay Example s "a cluster of doctrines and attitudes centered on the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary†, by the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (Carl Slevin) Anarchism can be of many types (Fowler,738 -752 ). But, all of them are not mutually exclusive (Sylvan, 231). According to the Oxford Companion to Philosophy, "there is no single defining position that all anarchists hold," beyond their rejection of compulsory government, "and those considered anarchists at best share a certain family resemblance." (Anarchism. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, 31). Anarchists hold different opinions like, as to the economic organization of society; some favor libertarian communism, collectivist anarchism or participatory economics while others believes that supporting free market systems like mutualism, agorism, or anarcho-capitalism is beneficial for the society (Brooks, xi). Most of the anarchists firmly oppose voting or participating in the State institution. Still there there are a few that disagree. The prominent anarchist, Proudhon stood for election to the French Constituent Assembly twice in 1848. Paul Brousse developed a concept Libertarian municipalism in Switzerland in the 1890s which involved participating in local elections (George H. Smith). There are three reasons behind the opposition of election by anarchist. the anarchist collective CrimethInc. launched "Dont Just Vote, Get Active," during the 2004 US Presidential election. This was a campaign to promote the importance of direct action instead of just an electoral change. Anarchists in other countries quite often engage in similar anti-voting campaigns. Some anarchists propose a more pragmatic approach which includes voting in referenda

Statistics Mini-project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Statistics Mini-project - Essay Example And the equation is as below. In work fields, it is the order of the day that you can work with a person and end up being paid very little as compared to what he/she is getting at the end of the pay period (Mailu, S 2000). This is caused by many factors but majority tend to thing that, the level of education, sex, work experience, his/her race, the occupation one is in, the sector, the marital status, where one lives and whether one is a member of the union, has a lot to do with the remuneration package one gets. In view of this, the above project was carried out to determine whether this is true and if not what really matters in such situations. Data was collected and analyzed according to Jacob, C (1998). The way a certain group is represented in the sample determines a lot how that groups will behave and also how their findings will be generalized (Agnes, W 2002). In this case regression analysis is used to determine if the coefficients used are significant or not. According to Smith (2000), regression tells more of how a certain factor contributes towards the other. From tables 1-5 above, the whites earn a bit high than the other races although the difference in wage is not significant. The same applies to the gender; males are a bit high in wage than the females with a difference of 2.11 which is statistically different. Union members earn better than their counterparts who are not union members and have a significant difference of 2.16. In the different job categories, those working in management earn better followed by those that are professionals although the difference is not statistically significant. However, management and professional earn differently from the others categories and the various mean differences are statistically different at 95% confidence level. Clerical jobs are the poorly paid. Experience contributes much as well as the level of education one has attained. Furthers, those that have spend many years in

The summary of the article for business within two weeks' newspaper

The summary of the for business within two weeks' newspaper - Article Example Without the knowledge of the customers, however, the money was transferred to the accounts of the owners and managers of the online gambling site, who were themselves were seasoned and prominent poker players. On behalf of the players who were cheated out of their money, federal prosecutors filed a civil complaint against the company, for an amount that could well reach $390 million, the amount allegedly acquired by the unscrupulous online game from its unsuspecting clientele. According to the federal prosecutors handling the case, the Full Tilt website was actually not a legitimate poker firm, but an elaborate Ponzi scheme the intention of which was actually to defraud those people whom the managers can entice to sign up with them. The fraud was revealed when the prosecutors had several poker sites shut down in the course of investigating two other poker web sites, which were based abroad. Because the site of Full Tilt Poker was also shut down, customers began asking for their money back, money which was supposed to have been held by Full Tile for safekeeping. When the reimbursements did not come, federal authorities were alerted, and the illegal scheme was discovered. Full Tilt is an online gambling business that exists de facto but the exact legal personality of which has not been determined. It has its headquarters in Ireland. Among those said to have profited from Full Tilt’s operations are Howard Lederer who is said to have received $42 million, and Christ Ferguson who got $25 million and has receivables of $60 million more. Both are considered luminaries in the world of poker. Former patrons of the website said that in the past, they were paid in a timely fashion and there appeared to be no problems if they withdrew money from their account anytime. When the crisis came and players began withdrawing their money all at the same time, Full Tilt’s reimbursements slowed and then stopped altogether, indicating the possibility of embezzlement of money which should have been held in individual accounts for the players. Reaction It is particularly ironic that people who go out of their way to gamble are themselves cheated out of their gambling money – a vice for a vice. During these hard times, gambling should be viewed as particularly wasteful and inconsiderate of others’ plight; in a sense, there is some poetic justice in being cheated out of money they were about to lose anyway. It is determined that the chances of consistently winning in a game of chance are skewed against the customer, and in favour of the gambling operator (Ethier 338). Other than this, there are serious problems about litigation and recovery. Full Tilt being a foreign de facto entity, and the embezzlement being committed in the U.S., there will be difficulty bringing the illicit corporation under the jurisprudence of the tribunal in the U.S. It may also prove difficult to trace the money trail to see who benefitted from the stolen funds a s the internet by its nature protects anonymity. There will therefore be serious problems between the actual embezzlers, and those whose names were merely used to enhance the site’s appeal. The very act of gambling online is against U.S. law, so there may naturally be no international agreements that may have been entered to provide basis of claim between two countries. It

Unit 4-Money & Finance (ASUSTek) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 4-Money & Finance (ASUSTek) - Research Paper Example In 2013, the companys profit index was 59, 570.1 (ASUSTek Computer Inc, 2015). Consequently, the profit margin in 2014 was 65, 383.8 was a significant increase from the year 2013. The sales in 2013 were impressive as most of the products in various markets were sold off. The company sold about 50% of its stock in 2013. In 2014, the companys stock positive rallied with the market registering 63% of the sales (ASUSTek Computer Inc, 2015). The companys profit index has been on the incline over the last two years. In 2013, the company had a profit margin of about 59, 570.1. ASUSTek was productive in the subsequent year gaining by almost 3% to register a profit margin of 65, 383.8 (ASUSTek Computer Inc, 2015). The companys productivity can be linked to better strategic orientation and planning. ASUSTek Computer Inc uses its resource to create revenues based on a combination of factors. Most of the companys resources go into the development of strategies aimed at enhancing the organizations productivity. The company conducts frequent market surveys to determine key sectors of the market that require certain products (Global Sources, 2010). Consequently, the company employs its resources to promote its products through advertisements and branding. Moreover, most of the resources are used in the technological processes. Such tendencies aid the company to gain leverage over other entities in the market. One of the most important lessons learned about the company is that it has continued to grow over the past few years after the recession period. Over the past four years, the companys profit index has significantly increased effectively making it one of the global market leaders. The companys growth can be linked to the unique strategic instruments employed by the company. The areas of promotion, pricing and distribution mix are key to the companys productivity in the market. The company has registered significant

TOPICS CHOOSEN BY WRITER IN ACCORDENCE WITH PAPER INSTRUCTIONS Essay

TOPICS CHOOSEN BY WRITER IN ACCORDENCE WITH PAPER INSTRUCTIONS - Essay Example The key question is that The USA has one of the highest poverty rates in the world and its getting worse for the nation, with a total population of almost 37 million Americans living below the official poverty line, living on less than the substantiated amount of funds required to fulfill their food, clothing and lodging needs, so how do they need to be helped? Despite efforts made by the government in countering this issue, poverty has seen to be increasing in the near future; since the time that the recession hit the country, almost 27% of the people have been living in doom. â€Å"The report warns that the numbers will continue to rise, because although the recession is technically over, its continued impact on cuts to welfare budgets and the quality of new, often poorly paid, jobs can be expected to force many more people in to poverty. It is also difficult for those already under water to get back up again.† (Geal, Chris) America has a diverse range of people living that fall under the vulnerable part of society and has not been able to recover them since the recession; this has led them to further tumble into a state of mass poverty, something they are not able to come out of. Their social security needs have not been taken care of the government on a large scale and this is leading the circle to simply grow larger. In the recent times, the country has also been hit by a large number of natural disasters like hurricanes which have caused widespread and mass levels of destruction – homes have been destroyed and what does not seem to help is the fact that it is the poor that have been targeted by this act of god more than the wealthy sections of society. Unemployment in the economy is another major issue that has led to rampant poverty; the lack of jobs in the country, despite the repeated efforts of the government and the President’s motivational speeches, have done nothing for those that fall below the poverty

Capital Resources TMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capital Resources TMA - Essay Example Capital may be of two types- fixed capital and working capital. Capital resource TMA (Turnaround Management Association) is an important concept in the area of Financial Management. TMA is an association which is non -profit making in nature, which lead to a turning point for the industrial development and implementation. In this concept, we are making an analysis of recent annual reports of Marks and Spencer plc and Debenhams plc for the year of 2007 and 2006. Marks and Spencer plc (M&S) is one of the largest retailers in food and clothing industry, having links through out the world. Debenham plc is also a retailer with a linkage of departmental stores. Marks and Spencer plc, one of the leading companies in the world is occupying an out standing business results per year. Taking in to account, the provisional results of company’s performance in the year 2006-2007, there is a growth in sales up to 11% and there by a corresponding increment in the adjusted profits before taxation, interim dividend etc. Similarly the company achieved progress in its major areas of retail trading also. During this period, the clothing industry achieves an increment of 10.1% and the rate of food industry goes up from 3.8% to 4% respectively. (Interim Results 2006/2007 2006). The growth rate in the investment sector is also drastic in nature. The major reason behind the success of M&S is treating their customers with good quality products and services. Business plan of the company is constant over a long period of time, but the competitors they are facing are varying. The company is also giving stress on for following the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and other ethical behavior for the better running of business. As a result, the company is running well, and looking forward for further implementation to speed up their growth through their customers by keeping them for long. â€Å"Marks & Spencer Group Plc, the U.K.s biggest

TOPICS CHOOSEN BY WRITER IN ACCORDENCE WITH PAPER INSTRUCTIONS Essay

TOPICS CHOOSEN BY WRITER IN ACCORDENCE WITH PAPER INSTRUCTIONS - Essay Example The key question is that The USA has one of the highest poverty rates in the world and its getting worse for the nation, with a total population of almost 37 million Americans living below the official poverty line, living on less than the substantiated amount of funds required to fulfill their food, clothing and lodging needs, so how do they need to be helped? Despite efforts made by the government in countering this issue, poverty has seen to be increasing in the near future; since the time that the recession hit the country, almost 27% of the people have been living in doom. â€Å"The report warns that the numbers will continue to rise, because although the recession is technically over, its continued impact on cuts to welfare budgets and the quality of new, often poorly paid, jobs can be expected to force many more people in to poverty. It is also difficult for those already under water to get back up again.† (Geal, Chris) America has a diverse range of people living that fall under the vulnerable part of society and has not been able to recover them since the recession; this has led them to further tumble into a state of mass poverty, something they are not able to come out of. Their social security needs have not been taken care of the government on a large scale and this is leading the circle to simply grow larger. In the recent times, the country has also been hit by a large number of natural disasters like hurricanes which have caused widespread and mass levels of destruction – homes have been destroyed and what does not seem to help is the fact that it is the poor that have been targeted by this act of god more than the wealthy sections of society. Unemployment in the economy is another major issue that has led to rampant poverty; the lack of jobs in the country, despite the repeated efforts of the government and the President’s motivational speeches, have done nothing for those that fall below the poverty

Movie about arranged Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Movie about arranged - Assignment Example evident in the film when Rochel’s brother asks her if there were â€Å"shvartzas† a derogatory slang name for blacks in Yiddish at the school where she works. It becomes clear that the father also shares the same prejudice as his son when he asks Rochel if all her students are blacks. In a Jewish marriage, the man is the head of the family and the provider. If the daughter of the house is getting married, he is the one who protects her and exercises authority on the suitors sent to her by the matchmaker. During the dating period, he asks the girl out on a date, which takes place at a public venue. In the Muslim setup, the man is the head of the family and his authority is never to be challenged directly. When selected as a potential suitor he meets with the girl in her parents’ home and the meeting takes place under their supervision. Therefore, the man is portrayed in both marriage settings as the figure of

Effects of Type 1 Diabetes on Pregnancy

Effects of Type 1 Diabetes on Pregnancy Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a serious endocrine disorder caused by a deficiency or diminished effectiveness of the hormone insulin and is categorized into two sub-categories, type 1 and type 2, together with the lesser known variant gestational diabetes (Burden, 2003, pp30-32). Type 1 diabetes is thought to be a genetically controlled autoimmune disorder that presents in childhood and is also know as juvenile onset diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in older, obese individuals; however, this type of diabetes is becoming increasingly more common among children and adolescents. Debatably, this is because of the increase in childhood obesity because of the sedentary lifestyle some children are adopting in today’s society. There is also an hereditary predisposition to type 2 diabetes. If one or both parents have type 2 diabetes the offspring is at an increased risk of getting the condition (Rosenbloom et al, 1999, pp345). It is important to note that g estational diabetes that is a complication of pregnancy is different from the pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy that will be discussed in this essay. It is thought that approximately three to five percent of pregnancies are complicated by type 1 diabetes. During pregnancy diabetes mellitus can have a damaging detrimental affect on both maternal and foetal health. Conversely, diabetes is affected by the physiological changes that take place during pregnancy (Bewley, 2002, pp47-48). This essay will examine the effects of type 1 diabetes on a seventeen year old (Carol) that is six weeks pregnant. The essay will start by investigating the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in order to acquire a global picture of the disease. The aetiology and physiology of type 1 diabetes will then be discussed. This essay will then go on to consider the signs and symptoms of the condition and its effects on Carol now and in the future. Next the complications of diabetes in general and during pregnancy will be discussed, considering the effects on Carol and her unborn child. The effects of type 1 diabetes on the developing embryo, foetus and mother will be addressed. Finally, the hereditary link for type 1 diabetes will be considered and the essay will then be concluded. Epidemiology Diabetes mellitus is a growing global and public health problem. The World Health Organisation (2006, p1) estimates that the problem could escalate to an estimated three hundred million people by 2025. It is thought that approximately one and a half million people in the United Kingdom have diabetes mellitus. Type 1 accounts for approximately twenty percent of cases of diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than eighty percent of cases with more than one million people diagnosed in the United Kingdom (Burden, 2003, pp30-32). The aetiology and physiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus This section focuses on the causes of disease and the biological aspects of diabetes mellitus. As mentioned type 1 diabetes results from the complete absence of the hormone insulin that is involved in glucose metabolism. It is thought that it is an autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans that are embedded in the tissues of the pancreas (See diagram 1). Diagram 1, this shows the islets of Langerhans that are deeply embedded with the tissues of the exocrine pancreas (http://cal.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2000/mnby7lc2/pancreas.htm). Diagram 1 The pancreas has two functions the exocrine cells produce digestive fluids and the endocrine cells produce hormones. It is the endocrine insulin producing beta cells that are important in the role of diabetes mellitus. The beta cells (see diagram 2) make insulin and when the body’s immune system attacks it results in the destruction of these cells. As the cells die insulin production stops and the consequences of this are impairment in function of, and damage to many of the organs in the body. Diagram 2 shows the insulin producing beta cells that are found in the islets of Langerhans (http://cal.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2000/mnby7lc2/pancreas.htm). Diagram 2 It is not known exactly what triggers this immune attack, but susceptibility to the disease might be inherited. The autoimmune attack may be triggered by reaction to a virus infection. The attack is thought to be carried out by the T cells of the immune system (Waugh and Grant, 2001, p234). In Diabetes mellitus there is too much glucose in the blood. When carbohydrates are eaten they are broken down into glucose. This process is known as gluconeogenesis and occurs in the liver and kidneys. The level of glucose in the blood is regulated by the naturally occurring hormone insulin. Insulin promotes transport and entry of glucose into the body’s cell and tissues. Glucose is essential to the production of energy within the cells and without it cellular death will occur (Tortora and Grabowski, 2003, p627). Signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus This section will examine the signs and symptoms that Carol would have exhibited before diagnosis and during the course of the condition. The initial clinical indication of untreated diabetes relates to elevated blood sugar levels, and loss of glucose in the urine. When there are excessive amounts of glucose in the urine, water is taken out of the body in large amounts by the process of osmosis (Waugh and Grant, 2001, p235). This results in polyuria (increased urine output) and that leads to dehydration. Dehydration causes polydipsia (increased thirst) leading to increased fluid consumption. The inability to utilise glucose energy eventually leads to weight loss despite excessive hunger (polyphagia). Dramatic weight loss would have been a clinical sign exhibited by Carol. Some patients also complain of fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Patients with diabetes are prone to developing infections of the bladder, skin, and vaginal areas; this is because hyperglycaemia can disrupt the action o f phagocytes that are help to fight infection. The immune system in diabetes sufferers is suppressed and this limits the body’s ability to resist invasion by bacteria or viruses. Fluctuations in blood glucose levels can lead to blurred vision and extremely elevated glucose levels can lead to lethargy. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious medical condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes. Ketoacidosis is caused by lack of insulin and occurs when the body uses fat as an energy source and ketones build up in the blood. Ketoacidosis starts slowly and builds up to a life-threatening condition that can result in coma and possible death (Burden, 2003, pp30-32). Carol may have exhibited all or some of these symptoms when first diagnosed and she is exhibiting symptoms of weight loss, tiredness and mood changes at present. Debatably, this is because here blood glucose levels are uncontrolled due to her pregnancy. Having said this however, research has found that adolescents (in particularly girls) are not vigilant in all aspects of managing their condition. Having a certain level of hyperglycaemia will enable a person to eat, yet remain thin. In today’s society that is obsessed with thinness teenage girls might undertake such an action (Carson, 2000, pp36-37). Complications of diabetes mellitus in general and during pregnancy There are many long-term clinical complications of diabetes that affect various systems and organs of the body. Having diabetes mellitus increases the risk of developing irreversible microvascular or macrovascular disease. Microvascular diseases include retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy and macrovascular diseases include ischemic heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. These disease are all a result of poor glycaemic control (Donnelly et al., 2000, pp1062-1066). Diabetic retinal and renal disease will be discussed in more detail as pregnancy can result in further complications and poor pregnancy outcome. Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease that can lead to blindness. The longer a person is diabetic, the higher the chances are of developing the condition. It is thought that prolonged periods of hyperglycaemia cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina at the back of the eye. Diabetic retinal disease can deteriorate during pregnancy and poor glycaemic control in the first trimester is associated with the progression of retinopathy (Hill, 2004, p40-44, Donnelly et al, 2000, pp1062-1066). Carol should have her retinas examined at the start of her pregnancy to establish if she has pre-existing retinopathy. If retinopathy is diagnosed than Carol will need to have regular eye tests to monitor the condition. Continuous good glycaemic control will stop the condition from progressing. Diabetic renal disease or nephropathy is again caused by hyperglycaemia resulting in damage to the capillaries in the kidneys. The kidneys are then unable to undertake filtration of amino acids and this leads to hypertensive disease. Women who have pre-existing nephropathy are at an increased risk of poorer pregnancy outcomes. This is because high blood pressure as a direct result of nephropathy can cause pre-eclampsia. This in turn can cause premature delivery and maternal death (Donnelly et al, 2000, pp1062-1066, Hill, 2004, pp40-44). It is important therefore, that Carol’s blood pressure is monitored throughout her pregnancy as hypertension is a sign of pre-eclampsia (Bewley, 2002, p50). Effects of type 1 diabetes on the developing embryo, foetus and mother It is suggested that type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnancy puts the foetus and the developing baby at far greater risk than is imposed on the mother. Various, potentially damaging problems can arise from foetal reactions to maternal glucose levels. Therefore, if a mothers glucose levels are high, the foetus will have correspondingly high levels (Bewley, 2002, p51). If a mothers blood glucose levels are continuously high (hyperglycaemia) during the first-trimester there is an increased risk of congenital anomalies such as neural tube defects that include spina bifida, abnormalities of the heart and anatomical abnormalities of the bones (Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health, CEMACH, 2005, p37). Neural tube defects are major birth defects of a baby’s brain or spine. They happen when the neural tube (that later turns into the brain and spine) does not develop in a correct anatomical manner resulting in damage to the brain or spine (Tortora and Grabowski, 2003, p1073). This happens within the first few weeks that a woman is pregnant, often before a woman knows that she is pregnant. Another condition that is attributed to maternal diabetes is that of Polyhydramnios. This is the medical condition of too much amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. Polyhydramnios is generally due to maternal diabetes and is thought to be caused by increased foetal urination. This is caused by the elevated amount of glucose in the mothers blood that cross the placenta and makes the blood of the foetus hyperglycaemic. This results in increased urine output from the foetus. In pregnancies affected by Polyhydramnios, approximately twenty percent of the neonates are born with a congenital anomaly of some type. There are a number of risks that are increased in polyhydramnios including cord prolapse, placental abruption and perinatal death (Pilu Nicolaides, 2006) Other adverse neonatal conditions that are attributed to maternal diabetes are neonatal mortality, premature birth, hypoglycaemia and an increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome (Bewley, 2002, p51). There is also an increased risk of macrosomia that can lead to an augmented possibility of shoulder dystocia and an assisted delivery. Macrosomia is related to maternal hyperglycaemia and is characterised by larger-than-normal birth weight in a newborn at over 4500 grams (10 pounds). High levels of glucose in the mothers blood readily pass through the placenta to the developing baby stimulating insulin production in the baby. Insulin is a potent growth hormone and so fat is deposited which can result in a large baby. This can cause shoulder dystocia and birth trauma because the baby will not easily fit through the birth canal. Postpartum, the newborn continues to produce excessive quantities of insulin that can result in the infant being hypoglycaemic.The mother has an increased pr evalence of pre-eclampsia, postpartum infection, postpartum bleeding, and caesarean section (Reece et al, 2004, p169) . It appears from the research indicated that Carol needs to have optimum glucose control for her own health and for that of her baby. Women with type 1 diabetes should have a pre-conception glucose level within normal limits that is an HbA1c of below 7 percent. The management of pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus should begin prior to conception (Reece et al, 2004, pp481). However, at seventeen it is quite possible that Carol’s pregnancy was unplanned. Is type 1 diabetes mellitus hereditary? It is thought that there may be a genetic or inherited susceptibility to diabetes. If a parent has type 1 diabetes, the chance that their children will be affected is about twenty-five to forty percent. In the instance of type 1 diabetes various genes have been indentifyed that might predispose an individual to the disease. Therefore, it is suggested that this genetic mutation might incline an individual to diabetes. It is debated that a genetic element is not, in itself enough to cause autoimmunity. It is suggested that external influences such as a viral infection are thought to trigger the disorder. It can be said that type 1 diabetes is an immunological disease that has a genetic background cause (Littorin, 2001, pp1033-37). It is possible therefore, that Carol has inherited a genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes from her mother, but environmental factors might activate the actual disease. Conclusion Diabetes is an increasingly common disease that if not controlled can cause a number of disabling lasting complications that can have a destructive influence on both quality and quantity of life. Type 1 diabetes is thought to be an autoimmune disease that leads to the complete destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin is needed to help glucose enter the cells of the body. Glucose is required in the cells to produce energy for normal cell function. It is possible that there is an hereditary link that predisposes an individual to the condition. As Carol was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at the age of seven and she has had difficulty in controlling her blood glucose levels, she is at an increased risk of developing diabetic complications. It appears that her pregnancy will also intensify the effects of some of the complications affecting both her own health and that of her baby. It is suggested that Carol needs to attain good glycaemic control for her own health and for the health of her baby. Bibliography Bewley C (2002) Diabetes in pregnancy. Nursing Standard, 16, 25, 47-52. Burden M (2003) Diabetes: signs, symptoms and making a diagnosis. Nursing Times, 99, 1, 30-32. Carson C (2000) Managing adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nursing Times, 96, 45, 36-37 Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health: Pregnancy in Women with Type 1and Type 2 diabetes in 2002-03, England, Wales and Northern Ireland. London: CEMACH; 2005. Diagram 1 and Diagram 2 http://cal.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2000/mnby7lc2/pancreas.htm, date accessed 23/11/2006. Donnelly R, Emslie-Smith AM, Gardner ID and Morris AD (2000) Vascular complications of diabetes. British Medical Journal, 320, 1062-1066. Hill J (2004) Identifying and managing the complications of diabetes. Nursing Times, 100, 34, 40-44. Littorin B (2001) Family Characteristics and Life Events Before the Onset of Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in Young Adults: A nationwide study. Diabetes Care, 24, 1033-1037. Pilu G and Nicolaides KH (2006) The 18-23 week scan: Polyhydramnios. http://www.fetalmedicine.com/18-23scanbook/Chapter14/chap14-03.htm, date accessed 23/11/2006. Reece EA, Coustan DR and Gabbe SG (2004) Diabetes in Women: Adolescence, Pregnancy and Menopause. 3rd edition, Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Rosenbloom AL, Young RS, Joe JR and Winter WE (1999) Emerging Epidemic of Type 2 Diabetes in Youth. Diabetes Care, 22, (2), 345-354. Tortora GJ and Grabowski SR (2003) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 10th edition, New Jersey, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Waugh A and Grant A (2001) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. 9th edition, London, Churchill Livingstone. World Health Organisation (2006) Diabetes. Fact sheet NÂ °312, September 2006, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ date accessed 23/11/2006.

Contrasting Feelings in Perraults Cinderella and Grimms Aschenputtle

Charles Perrault's "Cinderella" and Wilhelm and Jacob Grimms' "Aschenputtel" both feature a mistreated, yet kind heroine who, despite overwhelming obstacles, attends a ball and marries a prince. However, the similarities between these two versions of the fairy tale end here. While Perrault's version emphasizes the moral and materialistic concerns of his middle-class audience, Grimms' focus is on the harsh realities of life associated with the peasant culture. Perrault immediately connects with the materialistic values of his middle-class audience as he describes in detail the pampered lifestyle of Cinderella's step-sisters who "lay in rooms with inlaid floors upon beds of the newest fashion" (Classics, 17). Once invited to the ball, the step-sisters contemplate what they will wear. One decides on her "red velvet suit with French trimmings", while the other chooses to accentuate her look with a "diamond stomacher" (Classics, 18). While Perrault describes in detail the pampered lifestyle of this bourgeoisie family, he says much less about the appearance of the misfortunate Cinderella. While Cinderella's clothing is of little interest to Perrault's audience, her "rare goodness and sweetness of temper" (Classics, 17) are esteemed values desired by all the middle-class. When called upon to arrange the hair of her unkind step-sisters for the ball, we are told that "anyone but Cinderella would have dressed their hair awry, but she was good-natured, and arranged it perfectly well" (Classics, 18). After arriving at the ball with the help of a fairy godmother, and winning the affection of the desirable prince, Cinderella "sat down with her sisters showing them a thousand civilities"(Classics, 20). Her rare goodness ... ...igeons pluck out her step-sisters' eyes to repay them for all the evil they brought upon her. Although the heroines in "Aschenputtle" and "Cinderella" both manage to attend the ball and marry the prince despite mistreatment and unreasonable demands, the two versions of the popular fairy tale leave the reader with contrasting feelings. These contrasts can be understood when considering the writers' audiences. The violence and references to nature found in "Aschenputtle" are commonplace in the peasant culture of which the Grimms were fascinated, while the focus on the pampered lifestyle of the bourgeoisie family, and the kindness of Cinderella are aspects Perrault's middle-class audience desires. REFERENCE Griffith, John W and Charles H. Frey. The Custom Edition of Classics of Children's Literature: Fourth Edition. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, 1996.

Social Capital in the Developing World Essay -- International Developm

The globalized world today is getting very advanced in all areas and so has become very competitive. This then accommodates the use of a comparative approach in society. Comparative, an activity derived from the word comparison meaning to compare, it is defined as a research which uses data that are compared between at least two countries (Ragin, 1987). This comparative study is a very important phenomenon in the field of social science and commenced in the1960s and 1970s. It is used as an essential form of an investigating tool in analyzing the operations between different countries with a view to formulate solutions for under- developed countries and to give details of the development of social structuring in the framing of public policies (Ghorra-Gobin, discussion paper No. 40). In order to do a comparative analysis/study, a case study is usually done between two countries. The objective is to foster a better understanding of how and why certain scenarios occur in one country and how it relates to the same scenario in the other country. One such example is the political stability in Guyana (an undeveloped country) with a ranking of 26 % compared to the political stability in the United Kingdom (a developed country) with a ranking of 66% (worldwide governance indicators). A qualitative and quantitative format is utilized in order to assess systems within government and its political affiliates. Charles Ragin states that this comparative method can be used as a means of experience in using data from one country to another in order to improve stability. The main objective of the comparative approach method is mainly to improve efficiency, effectiveness, growth and development in under-developed countries and a... ...edge Publishers. New York, USA. ARTICLES Boyne, I., (2009). Gleaner Article: Jamaica's losing battle with corruption. Fukuyama, F., (2000). Social capital and civil society. Issues 2000-2074. IMF Institute. IMF Working Paper Ghorra-Gobin, C. The Comparative Social Science Approach. Discussion Paper No. 40. www.unesco.org/shs/most Gregory, R.J., (1999). Social Capital Theory and Administrative Reform: Maintaining Ethical Probity in Public Service. Vol. 59, No. 1 (Jan. - Feb., 1999), pp. 63-75. Blackwell Publishing. Public Administration Review. Powell, L. A. (2009). Probing Jamaica’s Political Culture: Main trends in the July-August 2006 Leadership and Governance. Department of Government, UWI, Mona, Kingston WEBSITES Worldwide Governance Indicators. www. info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp . Retrieved September 20, 2010.

Shark: Blood and Dr. Ramos

Eight-year-old Jim Morris, wading in the warm current off Florida's Gulf Coast, swam easily toward his sister Amy and his uncle Robert. But the kids' fun in the shoulder-deep water was cut short by Jim's shouts of â€Å"Get it off me! Get it off me! † Amy's screams sliced through the peacefully rolling breakers like a knife, â€Å"Help! A shark has bitten off my brother's arm! Call 911! † Nearby swimmers heard the cries as Uncle Robert yelled, â€Å"Help us get the shark. It swallowed the arm! † The swimmers converged on the spot, grabbing the six-and-a-half-foot bull shark by the tail and holding on for dear life. The twitching shark was hauled ashore barehanded by the group of men and shot. They pried open the shark's mouth while Robert pulled Jim's right arm out from between its jaws. As the boy's blood soaked into the white sand, lifeguards began CPR and applied a tourniquet. Paramedics arrived to stabilize Jim for transport to nearby Coastal Hospital. His arm was packed in ice and taken along. In the emergency room, Dr. Elaine Rogers, the physician on duty, quickly ordered multiple transfusions to restore the boy's blood supply as the ER team began stabilizing his vital signs. Dr. Rogers began assembling the operating room team that would attempt to reattach Jim's arm. She called Ronan McBane, a microvascular surgeon, at his home. â€Å"Ronan, we have a cleanly severed arm due to a shark bite. It looks like it was just chopped off, with not much shredding of the tissue. The sharp-edged teeth of the shark bit through the boy's arm so cleanly it almost seems to have been severed by a cleaver. The boy is eight years old and, although he is still in pretty bad shape, we think that since the arm was recovered and is in reasonably good condition, we have a good chance at success. Further conversation convinced Ronan that reattachment was possible. By the time Dr. McBane arrived, the other members of his medical team had started scrubbing for the 12 hours of surgery that would be needed to reconnect Jim's muscles, bone, and nerves. Dr. McBane announced to the watching interns: â€Å"This arm was severed about four inches above the elbow. I want first to identify the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves in both the arm and the stump. We'll mark each of these with sutures so that once Dr. Ramos has trimmed the wound and put in the supporting plate, we'll be able to come back and hoo k everything up. † Once the sutures were in place, orthopedic surgeon Juliet Ramos explained her role: â€Å"I'm going to trim bone on each side of the cut so that we can put in a plate that will keep the two parts of his arm together. This procedure will make the right arm a little shorter than the left one, but the one-inch difference shouldn't be too noticeable. † After the plate was screwed in, Dr. Ronan said: â€Å"Jim's arm is now intact from the shoulder to the hand, but the hard part is just beginning. We must now reattach each of the muscles and nerves on either side of this gap between the shoulder portion and the severed arm. We will also need to harvest the saphenous vein in order to reconnect some of these vessels. † Several hours later all of the blood vessels and nerves were connected. Dr. Ronan removed the clamps from the brachial and other arteries and blood started flowing once more through Jim's arm, bringing it to life again. As Jim was sent into the recovery room, Dr. Ramos and Dr. McBane looked at each other with relief. The two surgeons then left the operating room to explain the operation to Jim's parents. Although the prognosis for their son's recovery was good, one sentence spoken by Dr. Ramos stood out to Mr. and Mrs. Morris: â€Å"It is unlikely Jim will ever regain complete use of his arm and hand. † Note: These events are based on the real-life case of Jessie Arbogast, whose arm was bitten off by a bull shark near Pensacola, Florida, on July 6, 2001. Study Questions Look up information in your notes, text, atlas, the library, and the web about the arm and reattachment. List the additional resources you use to answer the following questions: 1. Identify at least five organ systems in this region of the arm that the surgeon would have marked for reattachment. 2. List the names of the specific structures that had to be reattached. 3. What organ system was most likely not reattached? Explain. 4. Why was a clean bite so important? 5. Why was the bone shortened? 6. Identify the movements associated with the arm, forearm, wrist, and fingers. 7. Explain how the movements of the reattached arm might be altered after the reattachment. 8. Define collateral circulation and identify the regions of collateral circulation that would be found in the upper extremity. 9. Identify the specific vessels that provide the collateral circulation to the elbow. 10. Identify specific types of activities that might cause Jim problems after recovery. 11. Why would full use of his arm be unlikely? 12. Assume the role of the surgeons as they explain the procedure to Jim's parents. Write a one- to two-page explanation about the surgery, paying particular attention to what you would say about regaining use of his arm, forearm, and hand. 13. Assume the surgery to reconnect blood vessels was successful and blood flow was re-established immediately throughout the arm. Would the nerves of the arm recover as quickly and completely as the muscles? Explain why or why not. 14. How might this situation have been different if Jim had been 80 instead of 8 years old? Image Credit: Photograph of bull shark by John Bantin. Copyright 2000. Used with permission. Date Posted: 05/24/02 nas. Revised 08/20/02. Copyright  © 2003 by the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science. Please see our usage guidelines, which outline our policy concerning permissible reproduction of this work.