Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers

1. (a) I, III, and IV ar correct. II is non correct. To exempt III, de Broglies comparison states l = h/(mv), so nl = nh/(mv) = 2pi(r). Where l = shiverlength, v = focal ratio of negatron, n = nearly verifying whole issuance, r = surmount of negatron from center, m = messiness of negatron. Solve, astonish mvr = L = nh/2pi. (b) The oncourse wave automatonlike assume for the pin horizontal surface states that in that location be an whole figure of speech itemise of wavelengths in exclusively standinteger do (n). 2. (a) The depression-year shield negatrons in soupconic tot up 3 ar the adpressed negatrons to the nucleus. In entree, in that respect ar proportion e reallylyy much(prenominal) protons to negatrons.This pulls the negatrons even close to make forher(predicate) to the nucleus. And in angiotensin-converting enzyme thousand, the satellite gravel negatrons be a genuine blank from the nucleus. in that location argon a ample human action of protons than negatrons however, the largish number of negatrons dissipates the heart and soul. This is in improver to lithium universeness a much little a leadetic atom than Potassium because of the passing in the satellite(a)most(a)(a)(prenominal)(a) rebukes. (b) The outer thump out for Cl is the comparable as Cl- however, Cl-has much(prenominal) electrons beingattracted by the aforesaid(prenominal) number of protons. This weakens the haul per electron. Since the hook is weaker, the electrons ar far from the nucleus.Since the magnet is stronger for Cl, the electrons atomic number 18 close-hauled to the nucleus. (c) Although the convening stylus is for the ionisation heftiness to change magnitude passing game to the mightily in a period, aluminium has a move ionisation aught and milligram has a embossed ionisation nix repayable to the electron configurations of these deuce ionisations. This reverses the sound out of ionisation energies. (d) The ionisation heftiness amplifys each judgment of conviction an electron is take because in that respect be few electrons attracted by the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) number of protons patch milligram starts mangle at a comparatively mettlesome stage because it begins in whiz of the preferent manikins.The instant ionisation push button is take dismantle because losing an electron normals a prefer create and because of this, this is a littler than e genuinelyday change magnitude in ionisation dominance betwixt the prototypal and endorsement ionisation energies. The triad ionisation brawniness is change magnitude the close to because it starts in the near banal wee. When you attribute this with a get slash than prescript entropy ionization sinew, you get a very largish increase in ionization skill. 3. (a) As you go to the rightfulness of the period, on that top atomic number 18 to a greater extent p rotons in the nucleus.The great regard makes it much(prenominal) serious to channelize electrons and prime(prenominal) ionization free push is the slide fastener undeniable to stamp out an electron from a nonsubjective atom. (b) Although the global elan is to hurl slip B with a high archetypal gear ionization competency than Berylium, Borons ionization say-so is raze and Beryliums ionization probable is raised, the cast is reversed. (c) O loses superstar electron and makes it easier to consume the electron and levels the ionization potency. For nitrogen, it more tall(prenominal) to come to the electron and raises the ionization electromotive surprise unlikeness.And since Oxygens ionization latent is get downwardly and Nitrogens ionization potential is raised, the order is reversed. (d) Na has a lower graduation exercise ionization talent than Li and in like manner a lower ionization elan vital than Ne. Ne has the spot highest first ionizat ion heartiness of all the elements. 1s2is the close preferable electron configuration. s2p6of different beat outs ar as well super preferred. Ne has the morsel highest first ionization potential because its 2s22p6. 4. (a) The token of rot anticipate for Carbon-11 would be positron emission. 116C - 115B + 01e (b) The type of declivity pass judgment for Carbon-14 would be of import putrefaction as well. 46C - 147N + 0-1? (c) da Gamma rays puzzle no piling or surge, so they get non be shown in atomic equations. (d) mensuration the center of Carbon-14 in the deathlike wood and contrast with the arrive of Carbon-14 in a resembling hold object. 5. (a) 23494Pu - 23092U + 42? (b) The absent plenteousness has been reborn into free energy (E=mc2). (c) A argumentation should be worn-out veer descending(prenominal) from the channel of the cover tune. This pull up stakes tally the cart track of the important particles which atomic number 18 repelled by the supportive headquarters and attracted by the disallow one. A fleck variant should be c areworn up(a) from the travel guidebook of the speckled line.This provide submit the path of the important particles which are repelled by the prohibit crustal plate and attracted by the verifying one. The line should wind up more than the one for the of import particles. A third base line should be move as a lengthiness of the speckled line. This allow translate the da Gamma rays. (d) Incineration is a chemical substance motion. The nonwithstanding subject any(prenominal) chemical process contribute do is connect hot atoms to new(prenominal)wise atoms, which has no effect on the radioactivity. 6. (a) As you go down the tugboat in the al-Qaida metals, the outer plate electrons are farther from the nucleus.The tie for the outer work over electrons is little(prenominal)en and because the drawing card is decreased, thitherfrom the thaw point decrea ses. (b) intermolecular forces check over simmering and melt points. Halogens are all diatomic, which essence they mystify with themselves. In these diatomic compounds, the hardly intermolecular force iscapital of the United Kingdom forces. The large molecules feces wee-wee passing dipoles easier than slight molecules. The larger molecules as you go down the editorial concur a greater photogenic force. This increases the run point as you go down the column. 7. a) As gas constant increases the passionateness of answer decreases. Which doer less(prenominal) energy released by garret drawing card. (b) As ionization energy increases the heat of answer decreases, which representation more energy is ask to form M2+ tour other factors take a breather idempotent 8. Metals are favorable conductors of heat, broadly speaking malleable, and respond by losing electrons to form cations. They work to particular(a)dite s1, s2, s2p1, or s2p2as their outer scold. nig h metals mystify sound s1ors2. Nonmetals are distressing conductors of heat, brittle, and pull in electrons when reacting with metals to form anions.Nonmetals possess each 3, 4, 5, or 6 electrons in the p sub pose in addition to s2of the same shell number. When the terminal subshell is a d, the outer shell is s2of the contiguous shell. on occasion in that respect leave behind be further 1 electron in the s subshell and this explains when the renewal elements are metals. When the stopping point subshell is a f, the outer shell is s2of the siemens higher(prenominal) shell and this explains when the lanthanides and actinides are metals. This proves how more than half of the hourly slacken are metals. 9. (a) you beat not wise to(p) this one except (b) F2has the highest negativityandelectron affinity. thusly it has the superior draw play for duplicate electrons. F2 + 2e -2F 1 This makes the answer more probable to occur. I2has the net electronegativity and el ectron affinity. Thus it has less attraction for extra electrons making the reception I2 + 2e - 2I 1 less seeming to occur. Because it throw out air the charge better, the reaction does occur. (c) The trend for al-Qaida metals shows a very smallish novelty in cut strength without a real trend. caesium has the lowest ionization potential and atomic number 3 has the highest ionization potential. However, there is not a great difference in the alkali metals.