Italia Essay -- Italy Vacation Tourism Papers

Italia This trip started out in the usual frantic last minute preparation that is customary to me. I ran around Wal-Mart buying travel shampoo and extra film before rushing home to pack less than twelve hours before leaving. However, not all the planning for this trip was last minute. In fact, this was a trip that had been planned out for a good six months before leaving. After finishing my last final for the spring semester, I am heading out on a plane with my parents and three of their best friends to take on Italy for two weeks. It is my parent's thirtieth wedding anniversary, and to celebrate we are going to the land they love most in the world. This is going to be their third trip there, the first being for their twenty-fifth anniversary and the second being with Jerry and Gayle, who are tagging along again. Their friend Jan, who has never been overseas before, is also coming and I am rounding out the group. I have been overseas before, but never to Italy, and I am excited to see for m yself the beautiful landscapes my parents are always showing people from the pictures they bring back. I awake somewhere over the Swiss Alps. My dad continuously points out different mountains and geographic locations like I actually know what he is talking about. The Alps are beautiful; blinding white tops above a mist of clouds that block the rest of the mountain from plain sight. Soon we are flying into Italy and the fear and excitement of visiting a place for the first time kicks in. I begin to worry that I didn't study the language enough. Oh well, too late now. I glance at my mom finishing her breakfast in the seat in front of me. I am glad that she seems to know a lot more Italian than the rest of us. She will become our interpreter... ...a small enclosed patio and views of the hills beyond. To the right are the cobbled streets of the town we just left. The bells of the church ring out and the sound of children yelling as they play in the streets fill the air. Our guide lets us into the house and we explore the spacious rooms of the home that will be ours for the first week. Everything is simple, but charming and everyone wants to quickly unpack. We walk the guide back out to her car and as I'm standing there exploring the view, I feel something hit my shoulder from above, bird droppings. As I am just about to launch into a spiel about how unlucky I have been since arriving, the key holder looks over at me and exclaims at the luck I have. Apparently bird poop landing on you is considered a blessing. I laugh at the absurdity of it all, but in the end I think this might just turn into a great trip yet.

Internet - Cybersex and the Online Gender Gap :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Cybersex and the Online Gender Gap    Introduction of a New Concept Sex. This is one of the most commonly discussed topics face-to-face and online that stirs up controversy. The introduction of the Internet and its mass appeal and use has only kindled the flame of the ever-burning fire of the controversy of sex related material and the ever-present gender battle between men and women. Victor J. Vitanza’s Cyberreader contains a section entitled â€Å"Sexual Politics† that explores the issues of computers and sex, and the gender gap in the cyber world between men, women, and computers. After viewing these materials, I would like to discuss the behavior patterns of men and women when it comes to talking and learning about computers, the stereotypes with computers, and sex in the virtual/cyber world. Men and women are capable of learning the same subject matter, but apparently neither gender wants to admit or state the obvious. The genders separate themselves in the computer/cyber world like they do in the real world. The predetermined stereotypes and prejudices that began with the invention of the computer and Internet are still the standards we hold today; men dominate the computer/cyber world. Another log on the fire of the gender battle is sex and the Internet. The behaviors displayed by men and women both bring the two genders together and split them apart. Gender shouldn’t matter online because it can be hidden in the sense that screen names don’t always hold a gender related characteristic. The Gender Gap Computers and everything that relates to them has always been perceived as â€Å"a man’s job† or a male dominated field. This so called gender gap got its roots from this misconception, and the following essays give some insightful information to help clear up these misunderstandings in the computer/cyber/virtual world. According to Barbara Kantrowitz the gender gap begins at an early age when children begin learning about computers. â€Å"Girls get subtle messages--from society if not their parents--that they should keep their hands clean and play with their dolls. Too often, they’re discouraged from taking science and math†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kantrowitz, 177) Kantrowitz goes on to discuss how around the fifth grade these subtle little messages kick in with girls because computers are â€Å"not quite feminine topics†, so girls don’t dive into the computer world like boys do.

Changes needed for the success of a policy Essay

In order to make the process of enactment of policies to be one of great success; there needs to be some work to be done. Accountability is one of the issues that need to be enhanced so that things get steered in the right direction. Each and every stakeholder has a role to play so that success is assured. It is well known that for an institution to have a shot at becoming an icon of success; then it would be necessary for administrators to vet the quality of services they offer. Other than accountability the issue of evaluation or assessments of the various stakeholders is also advised. The mentioned two issues would be helpful if they can be worked on. Evaluations would have to be introduced to both the teaching staff as well as the school administrators. (Fowler, 2009, p.101) How evaluation is carried out may forecast repercussions to both the person administering it and the individual being evaluated. Making assessments and evaluations is paramount within a learning institution. A lot of effort is put when pursuing policy implementation; equally aggressive measures should be put when safeguarding it. Stages of carrying out evaluation of policies can be pursued in two aspects; one of those avenues is during the duration of developing the said policy and the other being at the time of implementation. Evaluation of policies has undergone a lot of changes over the years; evolution of policy evaluation has come a long way from the nineteenth century to the present day. The federal government has over the years worked on developing education policies that are fashioned to better take care and address the present day challenges adequately. Top universities have also lent a hand in beefing up the government`s effort at this role. (Fowler, 2009, p.101) Evaluation in policy implementation follows similar trends. To kick off the process one has to point out the goals that he or she needs to attain. One would be inclined to underscore the pointers or indicators that should be used to segment or look out for during the procedure. All necessary instruments needed to carry out collection of information have to be set ready. The next step is the going ahead with the job of collecting the expected information. Once the much needed information has been compiled; then the next process happens to be that of making proper and organized summary of the data collected. Analysis comes afterwards; with the next step in line being writing an evaluation report. Reports are prepared with the sole purpose of having the information acted upon by the relevant parties; the enactment of the recommendations written in the reports. (Fowler, 2009, p.101) Occurrences in the past have pushed societies into having the craving to moot policies to address and rectify major issues. There are two instances or occurrences that made people spring into action as far as making policies is concerned; one of the example is poverty with the other being the need to desegregate. The mentioned occurrences drove policy makers into doing the needful as far as conducting polished work is concerned. The mentioned aspects also made professionalism to be a pillar in the implementation and rollout of policies. Evaluation processes have also been refined over time; one of the evident ways is communication of policy information to the participating parties. Techniques of getting data for evaluation has continually been evolving. Currently evaluation seems to only be carried out by individuals with the expected expertise; and the right qualification. (Fowler, 2009, p.101) References Fowler, F. C. (2009). Policy Studies for educational Leaders Technology, an introduction (3rd ed.). Boston, Ma.: Pearson Education Source document

Effect of Solvent Exposure and Temperature on Beet Cell Membrane

The Effect of Solvent pictorial matter and Temperature on Beet Cell tissue layer Integrity Introduction Cell membranes atomic number 18 vital to proper jail prison jail cellular matter Cell membranes consist of a lipoid bilayer made up of phospholipids Phospholipids atomic number 18 amphipathic molecules means they have a dual reputation in that they represent both deliquescent (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) properties The amphipathic nature of phospholipids causes them to spontaneously fig bilayers in water based solutions o The inner and outer surfaces of the bilayers are hydrophilic and can interact with the aqueous environment, date the core of the bilayer is hydrophobic and able to eliminate water and other polar molecules o Because of these properties, phospholipids bilayers are able to serve threefold designs including ? act as barriers to protect the cell from the outside environment ? house proteins and carbohydrates needful for cell to cell and extracellular communion ? rganize and provide surface areas for metabolic reactions maculation the phospholipids bilayer is a upliftedly organized musical arrangement with multiple functions, it is as well as highly slashing and can be functionally draw using the fluid mosaic precedent (FMM) o FMM characterizes the phospholipids bilayer of the cell membrane as highly dynamic and fluid marrow that the position (location) of any given phospholipids in the membrane is not fixed nevertheless fluid thus, individual phospholipids can tack positions are needed based on the current conditions. o Similarly proteins and carbohydrates are generally mobile in the membrane as well. This experiment was aimed at study the conditions that affect cell membrane fair play. o Because cell membranes are part of a living system they are tenuous to environmental conditions o Like al approximately biological systems, cell membranes bespeak a relatively narrow range of fun ction with respect to pH, temperature, and pic to organic resultants The experimental model employed was red beets ablaze(p) beet cells contain large, membrane bound central vacuoles that house a key, betacyanin o When cell and vacuole membranes are in tact, betacyanin in contained within the cell o If the cell and vacuole membranes are disrupted, betacyanin can leak in the surrounding solution turning it go o Higher amounts of membrane harm forget lead to to a greater extent than effluence of betacyanin pigment from the cells. The more(prenominal) pigment look the higher(prenominal) the absorbance reading. o Therefore, betacyanin release, as intractable by touchstone absorbance, serves as a proxy for quantifying membrane ill-use. In this experiment, we well-tried the onus of changing two environmental conditions on cell membrane uprightness.First, we well-tried the effect of temperature on cell membranes o To accomplish this we exposed beet cells to temperature s ranging from -5(C to 70(C o Because cell membranes maintain rightfulness to a outseter place a narrow range of conditions, we say that photo to higher temperatures (50-70(C) and extreme low temperatures (-5(C) will cause severe toll to the cell membranes which will result in higher amounts of betacyanin being released from the cells. We also time-tested the effect of exposing beet cells to two assorted resolving powers o Methanol and acetone are organic resolutions capable of dissolving hydrophobic species such as phospholipids o dimethyl ketone is generally considered a stronger organic solvent compared with methyl alcohol o Thus, we hypothesize that delineation to acetone will cause more vilify to beet cell membranes compared with image to methyl alcohol.Additionally, we hypothesize that higher concentrations of acetone will cause more damage than lower berth concentrations. Similarly, higher concentrations of methanol will also cause more damage. Results (the s elective information total are for example only and meant to beam the general trend in the course of instruction data from individual groups will vary) experimentation 1 The effect of temperature on cell membrane integrity o We tested the effect of exposing beet cells to various temperatures ranging from -5(C to 70(C. (Question) o To do this, uniform pieces of beet were move in empty test tubings consequently incubated at a specific temperature. (How the research was addressed) ? pursual this water was added to the test tube and the cells were incubated for 20 minutes. ? After brooding, the water was transferred to a clean tube and absorbance at 425 nm was determined. o Absorbace readings were similar at temperatures of 5? C, 25? C, 40? C, 55? C, and 70? C (A425 0. 25-0. 30) ( fig 1) (Experimental data) o brooding at -5? C showed a dramatic add-on in absorbance (A460 = 0. 95) (Figure 1) (Experimental data) o We conclude from this data that temperatures ranging from 5-70? C have only peasant effects on cell membrane integrity. In contrast exposure of cells to a temperature below freezing causes much more membrane damage. (Conclusion) Experiment 2 The effect of solvent on cell membrane integrity o We tested whether exposure to two different organic solvents, methanol and acetone, disrupted cell membrane integrity (Question) o Beet cells were incubated in 10%, 25%, and 50% methanol or 10%, 25%, and 50% acetone. Additionally, additionally cells were also incubated in saline, a solvent that mimics physiologic conditions. (How the question was addressed) ? Following exposure to solvent, membrane damage was determined by measuring absorbance. o Incubation in 10% or 25% methanol yielded absorbance readings of 0. 2 and 0. 25 respectively however, incubation in 50% methanol showed an enlarge in absorbance to 0. 5. Figure 2) (Experimental data) o Incubation in 10% or 25% acetone produced higher absorbance readings compared to the same concentrations of metha nol (0. 4 and 0. 42 respectively). Similar to 50% methanol, 50% acetone yielded the highest absorbance reading of 0. 8 (Figure 2). (Experimental data) o Taken together, these data show that acetone causes more membrane damage than methanol and that concentrations of 50% solvent are more damaging than lower concentrations. (Conclusion) overall Conclusion We hypothesized that temperatures outside of the normal physiological range would disrupt membrane integrity causing betacyanin to leak out of the cells. Our data shows that our hypothesis was partly correct, low temperature, -5? C, inflicts the most damage to cell membranes while higher temperatures, ranging from 55-70? C induce little damage when compared with physiological temperatures. We also hypothesized that exposure to high concentration organic solvents would disrupt membrane integrity and that acetone, being a stronger solvent, would show more damage than methanol. o In this case our hypothesis was support. Acetone showe d more damage as measured by betacyanin release than methanol. Additionally, the highest concentration of each solvent showed the most damage. Data pic Figure 1 The effect of temperature on cell membrane integrity.Cells were exposed to temperatures ranging from -5C to 70C. Following incubation at the indicated temperature, water was added and the cells were allowed to incubate at means temperature for 20 minutes. Damage to cell membrane integrity was assessed by quantifying leakage of the pigment betacyanin via measuring light absorbance at 460 nm. pic Figure 2 The effect of solvent on cell membrane integrity. Cells were incubated in the presence of methanol, acetone, or saline at the indicated concentrations. Following incubation, damage to cell membrane integrity was assessed by quantifying leakage of the pigment betacyanin via measuring light absorbance at 460 nm.

Environmental Geology Essay

In 2006, seismic researchers burn predict the reparation and direction of temblors by merely 10 to 20 minutes before it happens. Researchers persona ultrasounds to valuate temblors faster. Precise ultrasound images were enter from the fault which is ruptured and the direction the rupture goes (Ameri crumb play of Physics AIP, 2006). In 2008, seismic researchers can now predict earthquakes with practically more preciseness and earlier than other anterior equipments. A researcher from Rice University named Fenglin Nui and few of his colleagues atomic number 18 currently working on some experiments that can detect earthquake in a much earlier time.The method they consumption is detecting P-waves with the use of some super sensitive agent c entirelyed the Seismic Stress Meter. P-waves be the fleet of all the waves associated with earthquakes (Rice University, 2008). 2. (20 pts) What be the lessons knowledgeable from the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in chinaware? What are the lessons learned from the 1985 Mexican earthquake? Discuss. The insalubrious earthquake that hit Sichuan component in China brought lessons that seismic researchers deem helpful in predicting earthquakes. Sichuan region is located in extremely mountainous area that is active and could be attri besidesed to the earthquake hazard that happened.Topographic analysis can now help scientists to assess area that has high risks of having earthquakes (Pennsylvania State University, 2008). The destructive earthquakes in Mexico City made a realization for a civil engineers association. They all realized that their building codes where buildings are designed to be built still are of no level with the earthquake intensities in Mexico. A problem arises when the soft trunk layer of the undercoat was struck by the earthquake. The soft clay layer of grease started to transmit more shanghaiments higher than what engineers nominate pass judgment.The ground shook buildings in Mexico much farseeinger than what is expected (Peterson, 1986). 3. (15 pts) Discuss the 2008/2009 Chaiten volcanic extravasations in Chile. What are the implications of this natural contingency on the local residents? Chaiten volcanic burping was one that local residents never expected to happen. The Chaiten outlet was said to be nonoperational for almost 10,000 years now. But amazingly and unexpectedly, the volcano has shown activity and after a few days it erupted. Many residents were evacuated from near(a)(a) the volcano. About 4000 people within 6 mile radius from southern region of Chile were evacuated.The town near the volcano was almost buried in ashes fitting like what happened to Pompeii when Mount Vesuvius erupted. The sudden eruption after a long cat sleep gave residents fear of the volcano erupting again at any given time (University of Colorado, 2008). 4. (15 pts) apologize two different amount of moneys that can be taken to keep open, or at least(prenominal) minimize, t he occurrence of shoot downslides. One of the most efficient measures that can be taken to celebrate occurrences of landslides is through afforestation. Trees can greatly add together to minimizing numbers of landslides in many ways.Trees can help absorb weewee from the soil. water system is said to be one of the main cause of landslides. Another is that trees can seduce the soil firmly in the ground also minimizing the landslide occurrences. Another measure that can be used to prevent landslides is by creating levees or dykes. In this method, landslides are prevented by building walls usually near rivers which regulates water levels that cause the landslides (Peoples periodic Online, 2000). 5. (10 pts) What is the mechanical paradox implied by long runout landslides? Heavy rain is said to open started landslides.So, one might think that landslides move and accelerate together with water. The long runout landslides are really caused by heavy rains but there is really no wat er associated with the movement and quickening of landslides. The movement and acceleration of landslides are associated with the pressure vibrations called the acoustic fluidization. As the land slides pressure vibrations were generated making a frictionless effect to the ground which causes the land mass to move like a fluid (Collins and Melosh, 2007).ReferencesAmerican Institute of Physics. (2006, April 1) real-time Quake DetectionSeismologists Use Ultrasounds to tax Quakes Faster. ScienceDaily. Retrieved litigate 27, 2009 from http//www. sciencedaily. com/videos/2006/0406-realtime_quake_detection. htm Collins, G. and Melosh, H. (2007, July 15). Acoustic Fluidization and the Extraordinary Mobility of Sturzstroms. Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http//amcg. ese. ic. ac. uk/gareth/publications/abstracts/lpsc03b. pdf Pennsylvania State University. (2008, July 24). Chinese earthquake Provides Lessons For Future. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 27, 2009, from http//www. sciencedaily. com

Cellphone Addiction

Cell Phones In many ways, red cell phones are addictive. The gadgets are an definite integral part of many people’s days. Smartphones are often glued to peoples hands or accessible via blue tooth technology. Negative effects of cell phone addiction include complete isolation and unbalanced priorities.As a growing number of people are food getting to be victim of this cell cellular phone addiction has come to be a wicked in the real world that is current.Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the after dinner table and look at apps rather than much talking to family members over meals. Is apply your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; check your obsession is a cell phone addiction.Look at your mobile phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction.Phone addiction is extremely due much like alcohol dependenc e.

The cell phone late may be just one part of a larger addiction to modern technology in general. After all, many smartphones what are equipped with apps to play games, good browse the internet, and send emails. Online social new media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, keyword with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.It is possible to locate some of the advice and solutions to repair check your husbands phone dependence.The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your static mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages.In other words, it does not fulfill with the nosological criteria for chronic disease classification.

Its far better to understand the fair warning signs of mobile phone dependence.Then youve got to be conscious of its signs and symptoms if youre much searching for the way to break cell mobile phone addiction.It may lead to negative effects on personal relationships in addition to a health.Addiction is understood to be a more compulsive demand for and or usage.

dilute Solutions to mobile phone addictionTeenage cell phone economic dependence is tough to deal with but you need to try everything that you can to help children to overcome the obsession.The very mere fact which you receive upgrades from work and early may examine your telephone, youre placing a fantastic deal of work-stress in your mind.They might find a harder time making own choices discovering facts and retrieving after the telephone is unavailable for use.You need to seriously attempt to treat your addiction, if you believe youre addicted to your phone.

Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers

1. (a) I, III, and IV ar correct. II is non correct. To exempt III, de Broglies comparison states l = h/(mv), so nl = nh/(mv) = 2pi(r). Where l = shiverlength, v = focal ratio of negatron, n = nearly verifying whole issuance, r = surmount of negatron from center, m = messiness of negatron. Solve, astonish mvr = L = nh/2pi. (b) The oncourse wave automatonlike assume for the pin horizontal surface states that in that location be an whole figure of speech itemise of wavelengths in exclusively standinteger do (n). 2. (a) The depression-year shield negatrons in soupconic tot up 3 ar the adpressed negatrons to the nucleus. In entree, in that respect ar proportion e reallylyy much(prenominal) protons to negatrons.This pulls the negatrons even close to make forher(predicate) to the nucleus. And in angiotensin-converting enzyme thousand, the satellite gravel negatrons be a genuine blank from the nucleus. in that location argon a ample human action of protons than negatrons however, the largish number of negatrons dissipates the heart and soul. This is in improver to lithium universeness a much little a leadetic atom than Potassium because of the passing in the satellite(a)most(a)(a)(prenominal)(a) rebukes. (b) The outer thump out for Cl is the comparable as Cl- however, Cl-has much(prenominal) electrons beingattracted by the aforesaid(prenominal) number of protons. This weakens the haul per electron. Since the hook is weaker, the electrons ar far from the nucleus.Since the magnet is stronger for Cl, the electrons atomic number 18 close-hauled to the nucleus. (c) Although the convening stylus is for the ionisation heftiness to change magnitude passing game to the mightily in a period, aluminium has a move ionisation aught and milligram has a embossed ionisation nix repayable to the electron configurations of these deuce ionisations. This reverses the sound out of ionisation energies. (d) The ionisation heftiness amplifys each judgment of conviction an electron is take because in that respect be few electrons attracted by the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) number of protons patch milligram starts mangle at a comparatively mettlesome stage because it begins in whiz of the preferent manikins.The instant ionisation push button is take dismantle because losing an electron normals a prefer create and because of this, this is a littler than e genuinelyday change magnitude in ionisation dominance betwixt the prototypal and endorsement ionisation energies. The triad ionisation brawniness is change magnitude the close to because it starts in the near banal wee. When you attribute this with a get slash than prescript entropy ionization sinew, you get a very largish increase in ionization skill. 3. (a) As you go to the rightfulness of the period, on that top atomic number 18 to a greater extent p rotons in the nucleus.The great regard makes it much(prenominal) serious to channelize electrons and prime(prenominal) ionization free push is the slide fastener undeniable to stamp out an electron from a nonsubjective atom. (b) Although the global elan is to hurl slip B with a high archetypal gear ionization competency than Berylium, Borons ionization say-so is raze and Beryliums ionization probable is raised, the cast is reversed. (c) O loses superstar electron and makes it easier to consume the electron and levels the ionization potency. For nitrogen, it more tall(prenominal) to come to the electron and raises the ionization electromotive surprise unlikeness.And since Oxygens ionization latent is get downwardly and Nitrogens ionization potential is raised, the order is reversed. (d) Na has a lower graduation exercise ionization talent than Li and in like manner a lower ionization elan vital than Ne. Ne has the spot highest first ionizat ion heartiness of all the elements. 1s2is the close preferable electron configuration. s2p6of different beat outs ar as well super preferred. Ne has the morsel highest first ionization potential because its 2s22p6. 4. (a) The token of rot anticipate for Carbon-11 would be positron emission. 116C - 115B + 01e (b) The type of declivity pass judgment for Carbon-14 would be of import putrefaction as well. 46C - 147N + 0-1? (c) da Gamma rays puzzle no piling or surge, so they get non be shown in atomic equations. (d) mensuration the center of Carbon-14 in the deathlike wood and contrast with the arrive of Carbon-14 in a resembling hold object. 5. (a) 23494Pu - 23092U + 42? (b) The absent plenteousness has been reborn into free energy (E=mc2). (c) A argumentation should be worn-out veer descending(prenominal) from the channel of the cover tune. This pull up stakes tally the cart track of the important particles which atomic number 18 repelled by the supportive headquarters and attracted by the disallow one. A fleck variant should be c areworn up(a) from the travel guidebook of the speckled line.This provide submit the path of the important particles which are repelled by the prohibit crustal plate and attracted by the verifying one. The line should wind up more than the one for the of import particles. A third base line should be move as a lengthiness of the speckled line. This allow translate the da Gamma rays. (d) Incineration is a chemical substance motion. The nonwithstanding subject any(prenominal) chemical process contribute do is connect hot atoms to new(prenominal)wise atoms, which has no effect on the radioactivity. 6. (a) As you go down the tugboat in the al-Qaida metals, the outer plate electrons are farther from the nucleus.The tie for the outer work over electrons is little(prenominal)en and because the drawing card is decreased, thitherfrom the thaw point decrea ses. (b) intermolecular forces check over simmering and melt points. Halogens are all diatomic, which essence they mystify with themselves. In these diatomic compounds, the hardly intermolecular force iscapital of the United Kingdom forces. The large molecules feces wee-wee passing dipoles easier than slight molecules. The larger molecules as you go down the editorial concur a greater photogenic force. This increases the run point as you go down the column. 7. a) As gas constant increases the passionateness of answer decreases. Which doer less(prenominal) energy released by garret drawing card. (b) As ionization energy increases the heat of answer decreases, which representation more energy is ask to form M2+ tour other factors take a breather idempotent 8. Metals are favorable conductors of heat, broadly speaking malleable, and respond by losing electrons to form cations. They work to particular(a)dite s1, s2, s2p1, or s2p2as their outer scold. nig h metals mystify sound s1ors2. Nonmetals are distressing conductors of heat, brittle, and pull in electrons when reacting with metals to form anions.Nonmetals possess each 3, 4, 5, or 6 electrons in the p sub pose in addition to s2of the same shell number. When the terminal subshell is a d, the outer shell is s2of the contiguous shell. on occasion in that respect leave behind be further 1 electron in the s subshell and this explains when the renewal elements are metals. When the stopping point subshell is a f, the outer shell is s2of the siemens higher(prenominal) shell and this explains when the lanthanides and actinides are metals. This proves how more than half of the hourly slacken are metals. 9. (a) you beat not wise to(p) this one except (b) F2has the highest negativityandelectron affinity. thusly it has the superior draw play for duplicate electrons. F2 + 2e -2F 1 This makes the answer more probable to occur. I2has the net electronegativity and el ectron affinity. Thus it has less attraction for extra electrons making the reception I2 + 2e - 2I 1 less seeming to occur. Because it throw out air the charge better, the reaction does occur. (c) The trend for al-Qaida metals shows a very smallish novelty in cut strength without a real trend. caesium has the lowest ionization potential and atomic number 3 has the highest ionization potential. However, there is not a great difference in the alkali metals.